Xiongnu

Xiongnu
Xiongnu;
Abad ke-3 SM–460-an M
	Wilayah Xiongnu (hijau), Sekitar 250 SM
Status	Konfederasi Nomad
Ibu kota	Longcheng (龙城/蘢城), dekat Khoshoo Tsaidam (Mongolia modern), dijadikan tempat pertemuan tahunan, dan ibukota de facto
Agama	Kemungkinan Tengriisme
Chanyu
• 240–209 SM	Touman
• 94–118 M;	Feng-hou (Utara);
• 195 M	Huchuquan (Selatan)
Sejarah
• Didirikan	Abad ke-3 SM
• Dibubarkan	460-an M
	Digantikan oleh
dnsDinasti Han
Xianbei
Kekhaganan Rouran
	Sunting kotak info • Lihat • BicaraBantuan penggunaan templat ini

Xiongnu (Hanzi: 匈奴; Pinyin: Xiōngnú; Wade–Giles: Hsiung-nu; Middle Chinese Guangyun: [xi̯woŋ˥˩nu˩]) adalah bangsa kuno berbasis nomad yang mendirikan suatu negara atau konfederasi di Mongolia dan Tiongkok.^[3] Sebagian besar informasi mengenai Xiongnu berasal dari sumber-sumber Tiongkok, sehingga nama-nama dan gelar Xinongnu yang diketahui sekarang merupakan transliterasi bahasa Tionghoa dari bahasa asli Xiongnu.

Identitas inti etnik Xiongnu tak diketahui secara pasti, karena hanya sedikit kata, terutama gelar dan nama pribadi, yang terdapat dalam sumber-sumber Tiongkok. Pendapat dari sejarawan mengenai bahasa yang dituturkan oleh bangsa Xiongnu antara lain bahasa Mongol, bahasa Turk, bahasa Yenisi,^[4]^[5] bahasa Tokharia, dan bahasa Ural.^[6] Nama Xiongnu kemungkinan merupakan kognat bagi nama suku Hun, namun bukti untuk pendapat ini cukup kontroversial.^[5]^[7]

Sumber-sumber Tiongkok dari abad ke-3 SM melaporkan bahwa bangsa Xiongnu mendirikan sebuah kekaisaran di bawah Modu Chanyu, pemimpin agung mereka setelah tahun 209 SM.^[8] Kekaisaran ini membentang melampau perbatasan Mongolia modern. Setelah mengalahkan suku Yuezhi yang sebelumnya dominan pada abad ke-2 SM, Xiongnu menjadi kekuasaan yang dominan di stepa di Asia timur. Mereka aktif di Siberia, Mongolia, Manchuria barat, dan provinsi Mongolia Dalam, Gansu dan Xinjiang di Tiongkok. Hubungan antara dinasti-dinasti awal Tiongkok dengan Xiongnu cukup rumit, dengana adanya periode konflik militer dan intrik yang berulang dan silih berganti, serta ada pula pertukaran upeti, perdagangan, dan kesepakatan pernikahan.

^
Yuri Pines, The Everlasting Empire: The Political Culture of Ancient China and Its Imperial Legacy, Princeton University Press, 2012, hlm. 37. ISBN 1-4008-4227-1, 9781400842278:
- "The nomads had their own concept of Great Unity: they believed that the high god of the steppe, Heaven/Tengri, confers the right to rule on a single charismatic clan. This notion had already emerged vividly in the Xiongnu empire, and it surely influenced the nomadic rulers of China in their endorsement of the Chinese idea of unified rule."
^
John Man, Attila: the barbarian king who challenged Rome, Bantam, 2005, hlm. 62. University of Michigan. ISBN 0-593-05291-9, 9780593052914:
- "The Xiongnu also worshipped Tengri. A history of the Han dynasty (206 BC - AD 8), written towards the end of the first century by the historian Pan Ku, in a section on the Xiongnu, says, 'They refer to their ruler by the title cheng li [a transliteration of tengri] ku t'u [son] shan-yii [king]' i.e. something like 'His Majesty, the Son of Heaven'. In early Turkish inscriptions, the ruler has his power from Tengri; and Tengri was the name given to Uighur kings of the eighth and ninth centuries."
^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2nd edition, 2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-12433-1.
^ Adas 2001: 88
^ ^a ^b Beckwith 2009: 404-405, nn. 51-52.
^ Di Cosmo, 2004, hlm. 166
^ Vaissière 2006
^ Di Cosmo 2004: 186

[Yuri_Pines_Tengri-1] Yuri Pines, The Everlasting Empire: The Political Culture of Ancient China and Its Imperial Legacy, Princeton University Press, 2012, hlm. 37. ISBN 1-4008-4227-1, 9781400842278:
"The nomads had their own concept of Great Unity: they believed that the high god of the steppe, Heaven/Tengri, confers the right to rule on a single charismatic clan. This notion had already emerged vividly in the Xiongnu empire, and it surely influenced the nomadic rulers of China in their endorsement of the Chinese idea of unified rule."

[2] "The nomads had their own concept of Great Unity: they believed that the high god of the steppe, Heaven/Tengri, confers the right to rule on a single charismatic clan. This notion had already emerged vividly in the Xiongnu empire, and it surely influenced the nomadic rulers of China in their endorsement of the Chinese idea of unified rule."

[John_Tengri-2] John Man, Attila: the barbarian king who challenged Rome, Bantam, 2005, hlm. 62. University of Michigan. ISBN 0-593-05291-9, 9780593052914:
"The Xiongnu also worshipped Tengri. A history of the Han dynasty (206 BC - AD 8), written towards the end of the first century by the historian Pan Ku, in a section on the Xiongnu, says, 'They refer to their ruler by the title cheng li [a transliteration of tengri] ku t'u [son] shan-yii [king]' i.e. something like 'His Majesty, the Son of Heaven'. In early Turkish inscriptions, the ruler has his power from Tengri; and Tengri was the name given to Uighur kings of the eighth and ninth centuries."

[4] "The Xiongnu also worshipped Tengri. A history of the Han dynasty (206 BC - AD 8), written towards the end of the first century by the historian Pan Ku, in a section on the Xiongnu, says, 'They refer to their ruler by the title cheng li [a transliteration of tengri] ku t'u [son] shan-yii [king]' i.e. something like 'His Majesty, the Son of Heaven'. In early Turkish inscriptions, the ruler has his power from Tengri; and Tengri was the name given to Uighur kings of the eighth and ninth centuries."

[3] Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2nd edition, 2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-12433-1.

[4] Adas 2001: 88

[beckwith-5] Beckwith 2009: 404-405, nn. 51-52.

[6] Di Cosmo, 2004, hlm. 166

[vaissiere2006-7] Vaissière 2006

[8] Di Cosmo 2004: 186

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