Ateismo

L'ateismo (in greco antico: ἄθεος^?, àtheos, composto da α- privativo, senza, e θεός, dio, letteralmente senza dio) è la posizione di chi non crede nell'esistenza di Dio^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10], opposta al teismo e al panteismo in generale, al politeismo e al monoteismo in particolare.^[4]

^ Ef 2,12, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^

(GRC)
«ὅτι ἦτε ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ χωρὶς Χριστοῦ, ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς πολιτείας τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ξένοι τῶν διαθηκῶν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, ἐλπίδα μὴ ἔχοντες καὶ ἄθεοι ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ.»

(IT)
«Ricordatevi che in quel tempo eravate senza Cristo, esclusi dalla cittadinanza d'Israele, estranei ai patti della promessa, senza speranza e senza Dio in questo mondo.»

( Ef 2,12, su laparola.net.)
^ Enciclopedia Garzanti di filosofia, Garzanti editore,Milano 1981 p.58
^ ^a ^b

«“Atheism” is typically defined in terms of “theism”. Theism, in turn, is best understood as a proposition—something that is either true or false. It is often defined as “the belief that God exists”, but here “belief” means “something believed”. It refers to the propositional content of belief, not to the attitude or psychological state of believing. This is why it makes sense to say that theism is true or false and to argue for or against theism. If, however, “atheism” is defined in terms of theism and theism is the proposition that God exists and not the psychological condition of believing that there is a God, then it follows that atheism is not the absence of the psychological condition of believing that God exists [...]. The “a-” in “atheism” must be understood as negation instead of absence, as “not” instead of “without”. Therefore, in philosophy at least, atheism should be construed as the proposition that God does not exist (or, more broadly, the proposition that there are no gods)[...] Instead, “atheism” should be defined as a psychological state: the state of not believing in the existence of God (or gods). This view was famously proposed by the philosopher Antony Flew and arguably played a role in his (1972) defense of an alleged presumption of “atheism”. The editors of the Oxford Handbook of Atheism (Bullivant & Ruse 2013) also favor this definition and one of them, Stephen Bullivant (2013), defends it on grounds of scholarly utility. His argument is that this definition can best serve as an umbrella term for a wide variety of positions that have been identified with atheism. Scholars can then use adjectives like “strong” and “weak” to develop a taxonomy that differentiates various specific atheisms..»

(Paul Draper, "Atheism and Agnosticism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2017), Edward N. Zalta (a cura di).)
^ ateismo in Vocabolario - Treccani ateismo s. m. [dal fr. athéisme, der. di athée «ateo»]. – Genericam., il non credere nell’esistenza di Dio o di ogni altra divinità, per agnosticismo, scetticismo o indifferenza religiosa; il termine, spec. in passato, fu riferito all’atteggiamento di pensiero e di vita di chi non aderiva alle credenze religiose o alla filosofia ufficiale della propria comunità, e fu spesso confuso con il materialismo, il panteismo, l’epicureismo.
^ Atheism Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster a: a lack of belief or a strong disbelief in the existence of a god or any gods b: a philosophical or religious position characterized by disbelief in the existence of a god or any gods
^ Van A. Harvey, Agnosticism and Atheism. in Flynn, 2007, p. 35: "The terms ATHEISM and AGNOSTICISM lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative a both before the Greek theos (divinity) and gnosis (to know) to mean that atheism is simply the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is simply lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it."
^ Simon Blackburn (a cura di), atheism, in The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, 2008ª ed., Oxford University Press, 2008. URL consultato il 14 agosto 2019.
«Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.»
^
Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism") first list one of the more narrow definitions.
- Dagobert D. Runes (a cura di), Dictionary of Philosophy, New Jersey, Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library, 1942, ISBN 0-06-463461-2. URL consultato il 9 aprile 2011 (archiviato il 13 maggio 2011).
  «(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought»
  – entry by Vergilius Ferm.
^ Atheism, in OxfordDictionaries.com, Oxford University Press. URL consultato il 23 aprile 2017 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 agosto 2019).

[1] Ef 2,12, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[2] 

(GRC)
«ὅτι ἦτε ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ χωρὶς Χριστοῦ, ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς πολιτείας τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ξένοι τῶν διαθηκῶν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, ἐλπίδα μὴ ἔχοντες καὶ ἄθεοι ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ.»

(IT)
«Ricordatevi che in quel tempo eravate senza Cristo, esclusi dalla cittadinanza d'Israele, estranei ai patti della promessa, senza speranza e senza Dio in questo mondo.»

( Ef 2,12, su laparola.net.)

[3] Enciclopedia Garzanti di filosofia, Garzanti editore,Milano 1981 p.58

[Stanford-4] 

«“Atheism” is typically defined in terms of “theism”. Theism, in turn, is best understood as a proposition—something that is either true or false. It is often defined as “the belief that God exists”, but here “belief” means “something believed”. It refers to the propositional content of belief, not to the attitude or psychological state of believing. This is why it makes sense to say that theism is true or false and to argue for or against theism. If, however, “atheism” is defined in terms of theism and theism is the proposition that God exists and not the psychological condition of believing that there is a God, then it follows that atheism is not the absence of the psychological condition of believing that God exists [...]. The “a-” in “atheism” must be understood as negation instead of absence, as “not” instead of “without”. Therefore, in philosophy at least, atheism should be construed as the proposition that God does not exist (or, more broadly, the proposition that there are no gods)[...] Instead, “atheism” should be defined as a psychological state: the state of not believing in the existence of God (or gods). This view was famously proposed by the philosopher Antony Flew and arguably played a role in his (1972) defense of an alleged presumption of “atheism”. The editors of the Oxford Handbook of Atheism (Bullivant & Ruse 2013) also favor this definition and one of them, Stephen Bullivant (2013), defends it on grounds of scholarly utility. His argument is that this definition can best serve as an umbrella term for a wide variety of positions that have been identified with atheism. Scholars can then use adjectives like “strong” and “weak” to develop a taxonomy that differentiates various specific atheisms..»

(Paul Draper, "Atheism and Agnosticism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2017), Edward N. Zalta (a cura di).)

[TreccaniVocabolario-5] teismo in Vocabolario - Treccani ateismo s. m. [dal fr. athéisme, der. di athée «ateo»]. – Genericam., il non credere nell’esistenza di Dio o di ogni altra divinità, per agnosticismo, scetticismo o indifferenza religiosa; il termine, spec. in passato, fu riferito all’atteggiamento di pensiero e di vita di chi non aderiva alle credenze religiose o alla filosofia ufficiale della propria comunità, e fu spesso confuso con il materialismo, il panteismo, l’epicureismo.

[merriamWebster-6] Atheism Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster a: a lack of belief or a strong disbelief in the existence of a god or any gods b: a philosophical or religious position characterized by disbelief in the existence of a god or any gods

[encyc-unbelief-def-issues-7] Van A. Harvey, Agnosticism and Atheism. in Flynn, 2007, p. 35: "The terms ATHEISM and AGNOSTICISM lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative a both before the Greek theos (divinity) and gnosis (to know) to mean that atheism is simply the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is simply lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it."

[oxdicphil-8] Simon Blackburn (a cura di), atheism, in The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, 2008ª ed., Oxford University Press, 2008. URL consultato il 14 agosto 2019.
«Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.»

[religioustolerance-9] Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism") first list one of the more narrow definitions.
Dagobert D. Runes (a cura di), Dictionary of Philosophy, New Jersey, Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library, 1942, ISBN 0-06-463461-2. URL consultato il 9 aprile 2011 (archiviato il 13 maggio 2011).
«(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought»
– entry by Vergilius Ferm.

[10] Dagobert D. Runes (a cura di), Dictionary of Philosophy, New Jersey, Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library, 1942, ISBN 0-06-463461-2. URL consultato il 9 aprile 2011 (archiviato il 13 maggio 2011).
«(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought»
– entry by Vergilius Ferm.

[oxfordDictionaries-10] Atheism, in OxfordDictionaries.com, Oxford University Press. URL consultato il 23 aprile 2017 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 agosto 2019).

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