Massacri indonesiani del 1965-1966

Massacri indonesiani del 1965-1966; massacro
Data	1965-1966
Stato	Indonesia;
Obiettivo	Membri del Partito Comunista Indonesiano; Presunti simpatizzanti di sinistra; Donne del movimento Gerwani; Musulmani Abangan; Cristiani; Atei; Kāfir; Cinesi indonesiani;
Responsabili	Esercito indonesiano e squadroni della morte, aiutati e incoraggiati dagli Stati Uniti d'America e da altri governi occidentali
Conseguenze
Morti	tra le 500.000 e le 3.000.000 di vittime
	Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale

Con l'espressione massacri indonesiani del 1965-1966 (eventi definiti anche, sia pure secondo alcuni studi in maniera non appropriata,^[6] con il nome di genocidio indonesiano^[7]) vengono designati una serie di massacri su larga scala e disordini civili avvenuti in Indonesia nel corso di diversi mesi tra il 1965 e il 1966, aventi come obiettivi militanti del Partito Comunista Indonesiano (PKI), presunti simpatizzanti di sinistra e membri di diverse minoranze etniche e religiose, condotti da gruppi paramilitari con il supporto delle forze armate indonesiane.

Le uccisioni di massa, praticate con drammatica ferocia e senza riguardi per donne, anziani o bambini, sono considerate una delle più sanguinarie tragedie del XX secolo, malgrado la scarsa conoscenza presso l'opinione pubblica. È accertato che il governo statunitense fosse a conoscenza di tali eventi e li abbia in qualche misura appoggiati, sebbene ancora non sia nota con esattezza l'estensione di tale coinvolgimento.

^ Geoffrey B. Robinson, The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66, Princeton University Press, 2018, pp. 206–207, ISBN 978-1-4008-8886-3.
«"In short, Western states were not innocent bystanders to unfolding domestic political events following the alleged coup, as so often claimed. On the contrary, starting almost immediately after October 1, the United States, the United Kingdom, and several of their allies set in motion a coordinated campaign to assist the Army in the political and physical destruction of the PKI and its affiliates, the removal of Sukarno and his closest associates from political power, their replacement by an Army elite led by Suharto, and the engineering of a seismic shift in Indonesia's foreign policy towards the West. They did this through backdoor political reassurances to Army leaders, a policy of official silence in the face of the mounting violence, a sophisticated international propaganda offensive, and the covert provision of material assistance to the Army and its allies. In all these ways, they helped to ensure that the campaign against the Left would continue unabated and its victims would ultimately number in the hundreds of thousands."»
^ Jess Melvin, Telegrams confirm scale of US complicity in 1965 genocide, su Indonesia at Melbourne, University of Melbourne, 20 ottobre 2017. URL consultato il 21 ottobre 2017.
«The new telegrams confirm the US actively encouraged and facilitated genocide in Indonesia to pursue its own political interests in the region, while propagating an explanation of the killings it knew to be untrue.»
^ Bradley Simpson, Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968, Stanford University Press, 2010, p. 193, ISBN 978-0-8047-7182-5.
«"Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the Army-led massacre of alleged PKI members, and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party's unarmed supporters might not go far enough, permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the [Johnson] Administration's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia. This was efficacious terror, an essential building block of the neoliberal policies that the West would attempt to impose on Indonesia after Sukarno's ouster."»
^ Juliet Perry, Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide; US, UK complicit, CNN, 21 luglio 2016. URL consultato il 5 giugno 2017.
^ Vincent Bevins, The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World, PublicAffairs, 2020, p. 157, ISBN 978-1541742406.
«The United States was part and parcel of the operation at every stage, starting well before the killing started, until the last body dropped and the last political prisoner emerged from jail, decades later, tortured, scarred, and bewildered.»
^ Si veda a proposito dell'utilizzo improprio del termine genocidio in relazione a tali eventi in alcuni media occidentali (EN) Robert Cribb e Charles Coppel, A genocide that never was: explaining the myth of anti-Chinese massacres in Indonesia, 1965–66, in Journal of Genocide Research, Taylor & Francis, 2009, p. 447–465, DOI:10.1080/14623520903309503, ISSN 1469-9494 (WC · ACNP).
^ (EN) Jess Melvin, Mechanics of Mass Murder: A Case for Understanding the Indonesian Killings as Genocide, in Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 19, n. 4, 2017, p. 487–511, DOI:10.1080/14623528.2017.1393942.

[1] Geoffrey B. Robinson, The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66, Princeton University Press, 2018, pp. 206–207, ISBN 978-1-4008-8886-3.
«"In short, Western states were not innocent bystanders to unfolding domestic political events following the alleged coup, as so often claimed. On the contrary, starting almost immediately after October 1, the United States, the United Kingdom, and several of their allies set in motion a coordinated campaign to assist the Army in the political and physical destruction of the PKI and its affiliates, the removal of Sukarno and his closest associates from political power, their replacement by an Army elite led by Suharto, and the engineering of a seismic shift in Indonesia's foreign policy towards the West. They did this through backdoor political reassurances to Army leaders, a policy of official silence in the face of the mounting violence, a sophisticated international propaganda offensive, and the covert provision of material assistance to the Army and its allies. In all these ways, they helped to ensure that the campaign against the Left would continue unabated and its victims would ultimately number in the hundreds of thousands."»

[2] Jess Melvin, Telegrams confirm scale of US complicity in 1965 genocide, su Indonesia at Melbourne, University of Melbourne, 20 ottobre 2017. URL consultato il 21 ottobre 2017.
«The new telegrams confirm the US actively encouraged and facilitated genocide in Indonesia to pursue its own political interests in the region, while propagating an explanation of the killings it knew to be untrue.»

[3] Bradley Simpson, Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968, Stanford University Press, 2010, p. 193, ISBN 978-0-8047-7182-5.
«"Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the Army-led massacre of alleged PKI members, and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party's unarmed supporters might not go far enough, permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the [Johnson] Administration's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia. This was efficacious terror, an essential building block of the neoliberal policies that the West would attempt to impose on Indonesia after Sukarno's ouster."»

[4] Juliet Perry, Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide; US, UK complicit, CNN, 21 luglio 2016. URL consultato il 5 giugno 2017.

[5] Vincent Bevins, The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World, PublicAffairs, 2020, p. 157, ISBN 978-1541742406.
«The United States was part and parcel of the operation at every stage, starting well before the killing started, until the last body dropped and the last political prisoner emerged from jail, decades later, tortured, scarred, and bewildered.»

[6] Si veda a proposito dell'utilizzo improprio del termine genocidio in relazione a tali eventi in alcuni media occidentali (EN) Robert Cribb e Charles Coppel, A genocide that never was: explaining the myth of anti-Chinese massacres in Indonesia, 1965–66, in Journal of Genocide Research, Taylor & Francis, 2009, p. 447–465, DOI:10.1080/14623520903309503, ISSN 1469-9494 (WC · ACNP).

[7] (EN) Jess Melvin, Mechanics of Mass Murder: A Case for Understanding the Indonesian Killings as Genocide, in Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 19, n. 4, 2017, p. 487–511, DOI:10.1080/14623528.2017.1393942.

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