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Gerakan Perjuangan Islam حركة المقاومة الإسلامية | |
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Pengerusi | Ismail Haniyeh |
Naib Pengerusi | Saleh al-Aruri[1] |
Pengasas |
... dan lain-lain
|
Ditubuhkan | 10 Disember 1987 |
Pecahan | Ikhwan Muslimin |
Ibu pejabat | Gaza, Semenanjung Gaza |
Sayap Ketenteraan | Briged Izzuddin Al-Qassam |
Ideologi | |
Kedudukan politik | Haluan Kiri |
Agama | Sunni Islam |
Perikatan politik | Perikatan Angkatan Palestin Angkatan Islam dan Kebangsaan Palestin |
Warna | Hijau |
Kedudukan terbanyak dalam Majlis Perundangan Palestin (s. 2006) | 74 / 132 |
Bendera parti | |
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Laman sesawang | |
hamas.ps | |
Politik Palestin Parti politik Pilihan raya |
Hamas | |
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Kawasan utama | ![]() |
Sekutu | Sekutu negara:
Sekutu bukan negara:
|
Lawan | Lawan negara:
Lawan bukan negara: |
Pertempuran dan peperangan | |
Ditetapkan sebagai kumpulan pengganas oleh |
Gerakan Perjuangan Islam (Arab: حركة المقاومة الاسلامية, rumi: Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah , "Gerakan Perjuangan Islam" disingkatkan kepada Arab: حماس, rumi: Ḥamās[50][51]) adalah sebuah pertubuhan politik dan ketenteraan Islam beraliran Ahlu al-Sunnah[52] yang mentadbir Genting Gaza terangkum dalam wilayah Palestin taklukan entiti Israel.[53] Ia beribu pejabat di Bandar Gaza dan juga di Tebing Barat. Bahkan, ibu pejabat di Tebing Barat lebih besar tetapi wilayah pengaruh lebih dikuasai pesaingnya, Fatah.
Ia ditubuhkan oleh pemimpin dan aktivis Palestin, Syeikh Ahmed Yassin pada 1987 selepas meletusnya Intifadah Pertama menentang Israel bersinambungan dari pertubuhan Majlis Islam (Arab: المجمع الإسلامي, rumi: al-Mujamma' al-Islami ) yang ditubuhkan dan diterajui Syeikh Ahmad di Gaza pada 1973 sebagai sebuah pertubuhan kebajikan Islam yang terlibat dengan Ikhwan Muslimin di Mesir.[54] Hamas menjadi semakin naik apabila terlibat dalam konflik Israel–Palestin lewat tahun 1990-an;[55] ia menentan Surat Pengiktirafan Bersama Israel–PLO juga Perjanjian Oslo, yang menyaksikan Fatah menolak "penggunaan tindakan pelampau dan tindakan kekerasan lain" dan mengiktiraf Israel dalam mencapai penyelesaian dua negara. Hamas terus menganjurkan penentangan bersenjata, menang dalam pilihan raya perundangan Palestin 2006,[56] memperoleh majoriti dalam Majlis Perundangan Palestin,[57] dan memegang kawalan pentadbiran Genting Gaza daripada Fatah diikuti perang dalaman pada 2007.[58][59] Sejak itu, Hamas mentadbir Gaza di bawah pemerintahan de facto dan wilayah satu parti.[60][61][62]
Walaupun secara sejarahnya, mencari sebuah negara Islam Palestin dengan menggabungkan wilayah yang dijajah Israel, Tebing Barat dan Genting Gaza,[63][64] Hamas mula menerima cadangan sempadan tahun 1967 dalam persetujuan yang ditandatangani dengan Fatah pada 2005, 2006 dan 2007.[65] Pada 2017, Hamas menerbitkan piagam baharu menyokong negara Palestin dengan mengikut pada sempadan tahun 1967 tanpa mengiktiraf Israel.[66][67][68][69] Tindakan Hamas mengulangi tawaran gencatan senjata mereka (untuk tempoh 10–100 tahun) berdasarkan pada sempadan 1967 dilihat orang lain sebagai sejajar dengan penyelesaian dua negara,[70][71][72][73] manakala dalam keadaan lain, Hamas mengekalkan matlamat jangka panjang untuk menubuhkan satu negara sebagaimana Palestin Bermandat.[74][75] Di bawah prinsip ideologi Islamisme, Hamas menggalakkan semangat kebangsaan Palestin dalam acuan Islam; ia telah menjalankan dasar jihad (perjuangan bersenjata) menentang dasar penjajahan Aparteid Israel.[c] Hamas juga mempunyai sayap ketenteraan yang juga bertindak sebagai pemberi khidmat dan da'wah kepada masyarakat yang dinamakan Briged Izzuddin al-Qassam.[d][e] Sejak pertengahan 1990-an,[54] Hamas memperoleh liputan meluas dalam kalangan masyarakat Palestin dengan pendirian anti-Israel mereka.[79][80]
Genting Gaza kini di bawah sekatan, dikenakan oleh Israel dan Mesir. Israel dan Hamas berlawan dalam siri peperangan yang banyak, termasuk pada 2008–09, 2012, 2014 dan terkini pada 2023.
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama auto3
The most successful radical Sunni Islamist group has been Hamas, which began as a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine in the early 1980s. It used terrorist attacks against civilians - particularly suicide bombings – to help build a larger movement, going so far as to emerge as the recognized government of the Gaza Strip in the Palestine Authority.
When Israel first encountered Islamists in Gaza in the 1970s and '80s, they seemed focused on studying the Quran, not on confrontation with Israel. The Israeli government officially recognized a precursor to Hamas called Mujama Al-Islamiya, registering the group as a charity. It allowed Mujama members to set up an Islamic university and build mosques, clubs and schools. Crucially, Israel often stood aside when the Islamists and their secular left-wing Palestinian rivals battled, sometimes violently, for influence in both Gaza and the West Bank. "When I look back at the chain of events I think we made a mistake," says David Hacham, who worked in Gaza in the late 1980s and early '90s as an Arab-affairs expert in the Israeli military. "But at the time nobody thought about the possible results." Israeli officials who served in Gaza disagree on how much their own actions may have contributed to the rise of Hamas. They blame the group's recent ascent on outsiders, primarily Iran. This view is shared by the Israeli government. "Hamas in Gaza was built by Iran as a foundation for power, and is backed through funding, through training and through the provision of advanced weapons," Mr. Olmert said last Saturday. Hamas has denied receiving military assistance from Iran.
In 2006, a year after Israel withdrew from Gaza, Hamas won a majority of seats in a Palestinian election and later formed a new unity government with Fatah, its nationalist rival. In June 2007, after a brief civil war, it assumed sole control of Gaza, leaving Fatah to run the Palestinian Authority (pa) in the West Bank. In response Israel and Egypt imposed a suffocating blockade on the coastal strip in 2007, strangling its economy and in effect confining its people in an open-air prison. There have been no elections since. Hamas has run Gaza as an oppressive one-party state, leaving some Palestinians there disenchanted with its leadership. Nevertheless, Palestinians widely consider it to be more competent than the ailing, corrupt pa.
Since 2007, Gaza has functioned as a de facto one-party state under Hamas rule
The joint Hamas-Fatah government did not last long. Within months the two sides were fighting again, eventually leading to a political split of the occupied territory, with Fatah controlling the West Bank and Hamas establishing a virtual one-party state in Gaza
Even Hamas in 2017 said it was ready to accept a Palestinian state with 1967 borders if it is clear this is the consensus of the Palestinians.
Asher Susser, director of the Dayan Centre at Tel Aviv University, conveyed to me in an interview that “Hamas’ ‘hudna' is not significantly different from Sharon’s ‘long-term interim agreement.” Similarly, Daniel Levy, a senior Israeli official for the Geneva Initiative (GI), informed me that certain Hamas officials find the GI acceptable, but due to the concerns about their Islamically oriented constituency and their own Islamic identity, they would “have to express the final result in terms of a “hudna,” or “indefinite" ceasefire,” rather than a formal peace agreement.”
Hamas too would signal a willingness to accept a long-term "hudna" (cessation of hostilities, truce) along the armistice lines of 1948 (an effective acceptance of the two-state formula).
Ralat petik: Tag <ref>
wujud untuk kumpulan bernama "lower-alpha", tetapi tiada tag <references group="lower-alpha"/>
yang berpadanan disertakan
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