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Hamas

Gerakan Perjuangan Islam
حركة المقاومة الإسلامية‎
PengerusiIsmail Haniyeh
Naib PengerusiSaleh al-Aruri[1]
Pengasas
... dan lain-lain
Ditubuhkan10 Disember 1987 (1987-12-10)
PecahanIkhwan Muslimin
Ibu pejabatGaza, Semenanjung Gaza
Sayap KetenteraanBriged Izzuddin Al-Qassam
Ideologi
Kedudukan politikHaluan Kiri
AgamaSunni Islam
Perikatan politikPerikatan Angkatan Palestin
Angkatan Islam dan Kebangsaan Palestin
Warna     Hijau
Kedudukan terbanyak dalam Majlis Perundangan Palestin (s. 2006)
74 / 132
Bendera parti
Laman sesawang
hamas.ps
Politik Palestin
Parti politik
Pilihan raya
Hamas
Kawasan utama Negara Palestin
SekutuSekutu negara:

Sekutu bukan negara:

LawanLawan negara:

Lawan bukan negara:

Pertempuran dan peperangan
Ditetapkan sebagai kumpulan pengganas oleh

Gerakan Perjuangan Islam (Arab: حركة المقاومة الاسلامية‎, rumi: Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah, "Gerakan Perjuangan Islam" disingkatkan kepada Arab: حماس‎, rumi: Ḥamās[50][51]) adalah sebuah pertubuhan politik dan ketenteraan Islam beraliran Ahlu al-Sunnah[52] yang mentadbir Genting Gaza terangkum dalam wilayah Palestin taklukan entiti Israel.[53] Ia beribu pejabat di Bandar Gaza dan juga di Tebing Barat. Bahkan, ibu pejabat di Tebing Barat lebih besar tetapi wilayah pengaruh lebih dikuasai pesaingnya, Fatah.

Ia ditubuhkan oleh pemimpin dan aktivis Palestin, Syeikh Ahmed Yassin pada 1987 selepas meletusnya Intifadah Pertama menentang Israel bersinambungan dari pertubuhan Majlis Islam (Arab: المجمع الإسلامي, rumi: al-Mujamma' al-Islami) yang ditubuhkan dan diterajui Syeikh Ahmad di Gaza pada 1973 sebagai sebuah pertubuhan kebajikan Islam yang terlibat dengan Ikhwan Muslimin di Mesir.[54] Hamas menjadi semakin naik apabila terlibat dalam konflik Israel–Palestin lewat tahun 1990-an;[55] ia menentan Surat Pengiktirafan Bersama Israel–PLO juga Perjanjian Oslo, yang menyaksikan Fatah menolak "penggunaan tindakan pelampau dan tindakan kekerasan lain" dan mengiktiraf Israel dalam mencapai penyelesaian dua negara. Hamas terus menganjurkan penentangan bersenjata, menang dalam pilihan raya perundangan Palestin 2006,[56] memperoleh majoriti dalam Majlis Perundangan Palestin,[57] dan memegang kawalan pentadbiran Genting Gaza daripada Fatah diikuti perang dalaman pada 2007.[58][59] Sejak itu, Hamas mentadbir Gaza di bawah pemerintahan de facto dan wilayah satu parti.[60][61][62]

Walaupun secara sejarahnya, mencari sebuah negara Islam Palestin dengan menggabungkan wilayah yang dijajah Israel, Tebing Barat dan Genting Gaza,[63][64] Hamas mula menerima cadangan sempadan tahun 1967 dalam persetujuan yang ditandatangani dengan Fatah pada 2005, 2006 dan 2007.[65] Pada 2017, Hamas menerbitkan piagam baharu menyokong negara Palestin dengan mengikut pada sempadan tahun 1967 tanpa mengiktiraf Israel.[66][67][68][69] Tindakan Hamas mengulangi tawaran gencatan senjata mereka (untuk tempoh 10–100 tahun) berdasarkan pada sempadan 1967 dilihat orang lain sebagai sejajar dengan penyelesaian dua negara,[70][71][72][73] manakala dalam keadaan lain, Hamas mengekalkan matlamat jangka panjang untuk menubuhkan satu negara sebagaimana Palestin Bermandat.[74][75] Di bawah prinsip ideologi Islamisme, Hamas menggalakkan semangat kebangsaan Palestin dalam acuan Islam; ia telah menjalankan dasar jihad (perjuangan bersenjata) menentang dasar penjajahan Aparteid Israel.[c] Hamas juga mempunyai sayap ketenteraan yang juga bertindak sebagai pemberi khidmat dan da'wah kepada masyarakat yang dinamakan Briged Izzuddin al-Qassam.[d][e] Sejak pertengahan 1990-an,[54] Hamas memperoleh liputan meluas dalam kalangan masyarakat Palestin dengan pendirian anti-Israel mereka.[79][80]

Genting Gaza kini di bawah sekatan, dikenakan oleh Israel dan Mesir. Israel dan Hamas berlawan dalam siri peperangan yang banyak, termasuk pada 2008–09, 2012, 2014 dan terkini pada 2023.

  1. ^ "Hamas appoints West Bank terror chief as its deputy leader". The Times of Israel. October 25, 2017.
  2. ^ Abdelal 2016, m/s. 122.
  3. ^ Dalloul 2017.
  4. ^ Abu-Amr 1993, m/s. 10.
  5. ^ Litvak 1998, m/s. 151.
  6. ^ Barzak 2011.
  7. ^ AFP 2019.
  8. ^ a b c Dalacoura 2012, m/s. 66–67.
  9. ^ Dunning 2016, m/s. 270.
  10. ^ Stepanova 2008, m/s. 113.
  11. ^ Cheema 2008, m/s. 465.
  12. ^ Litvak 2004, m/s. 156–57.
  13. ^ Litvak 1998, hlm. 151–52: "Pendirian anti-Yahudi kuat membezakan Hamas daripada pertubuhan PLO".
  14. ^ Hoffman, Bruce (10 Oktober 2023). "Understanding Hamas's Genocidal Ideology". The Atlantic (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 11 Oktober 2023.
  15. ^ Filiu 2012, m/s. 55, 64–67.
  16. ^ "Pakistan, Afghanistan show support to Palestine, calls for "cessation of hostilities"". The Economic Times. October 7, 2023. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada October 7, 2023. Dicapai pada October 7, 2023.
  17. ^ "الجزائر تدين الاعتداءات الإسرائيلية على قطاع غزة" (dalam bahasa Arab). قناة الغد. October 7, 2023. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada October 7, 2023. Dicapai pada October 7, 2023.
  18. ^ "Adviser to Iran's Khamenei expresses support for Palestinian attacks: Report". Al Arabiya. AFP. October 7, 2023 – melalui al-Aribaya.
  19. ^ LAZAR BERMAN (November 7, 2023). "Turkey's Erdogan: Hamas aren't terrorists, they're mujahideen defending homeland:Report". Times.
  20. ^ a b Ehl, David (May 15, 2021). "What is Hamas and who supports it?". Deutsche Welle.
  21. ^ Staff (October 18, 2023). "South Africa says it discussed aid with Hamas leader, denies reports of support". Dicapai pada October 18, 2023.
  22. ^ Abdelaziz, Khalid; Eltahir, Nafisa; Irish, John (September 23, 2021). "Sudan closes door on support for Hamas". Reuters. Dicapai pada October 18, 2023.
  23. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama auto3
  24. ^ "Experts Weigh in on Regional Impact of Syria-Hamas Rapprochement". VOA News. October 20, 2022. Dicapai pada October 8, 2023.
  25. ^ a b Gidda, Mirren (July 25, 2014). "Hamad Still Has Some Friends Left". Time.
  26. ^ "Don't label Hamas as 'militants', PM tells media: Report". nst.com.my. NSTTV. November 7, 2023 – melalui New Straits Times.
  27. ^ "Evidence shows Hamas militants likely used some North Korean weapons in attack on Israel". Associated Press. October 19, 2023.
  28. ^ "Hamas, PLO slam 'blatant US interference' in Venezuela affairs". Middle East Monitor. 25 January 2019.
  29. ^ "Houthis, Hamas merge diplomacy around prisoner releases – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. 5 January 2021.
  30. ^ "Hamas awards 'Shield of Honor' to Houthi representative in Yemen, sparking outrage in Saudi Arabia". JNS.org. 16 June 2021.
  31. ^ Fabian, Emanuel. "Officer, 2 soldiers killed in clash with terrorists on Lebanon border; mortars fired". The Times of Israel (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 9 October 2023. Dicapai pada 9 October 2023.
  32. ^ "الجبهة الشعبية: قرار الإدارة الأمريكية بتوفير الدعم للكيان هدفه تطويق النتائج الاستراتيجية لمعركة طوفان الأقصى". alahednews.com.lb (dalam bahasa Arab). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 9 October 2023. Dicapai pada 8 October 2023.
  33. ^ "Al-Qassam fighters engage IOF on seven fronts outside Gaza: Statement". Al Mayadeen English. 8 October 2023. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 8 October 2023. Dicapai pada 8 October 2023.
  34. ^ "Qassam Brigades announces control of 'Erez Crossing'". Roya News. 7 October 2023. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 October 2023. Dicapai pada 7 October 2023.
  35. ^ "Iran Update, October 17, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 17 October 2023.
  36. ^ Fabian, Emanuel (19 October 2023). "IDF says it killed head of military wing of Gaza's Popular Resistance Committees". The Times of Israel. Dicapai pada 19 October 2023.
  37. ^ "Is Jordan planning to restore ties with Hamas?". The Jerusalem Post.
  38. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs stresses importance of providing full protection to citizens, ending battle between Hamas, Israeli Forces". Bahrain Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2023-10-09. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada October 10, 2023. Dicapai pada 2023-10-09.
  39. ^ "Bahrain denounces Hamas kidnappings". www.timesofisrael.com. 2023-10-09. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada October 10, 2023. Dicapai pada 2023-10-09.
  40. ^ "ISIS affiliated group in Gaza claims rocket attack on Israel". October 5, 2015.
  41. ^ "Beware Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' | People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK)". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada October 31, 2021. Dicapai pada January 16, 2020.
  42. ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations".
  43. ^ "Entirety of Hamas to be listed as a terrorist organisation". ABC News. February 17, 2022.
  44. ^ "National Police Agency" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada March 28, 2022. Dicapai pada November 26, 2022.
  45. ^ "Japan's Foreign Policy in Major Diplomatic Fields" (PDF).
  46. ^ "Currently listed entities". December 21, 2018.
  47. ^ "EU court upholds Hamas terror listing". The Guardian. July 26, 2017.
  48. ^ "Paraguay adds Hamas, Hezbollah to terrorism list". August 20, 2019.
  49. ^ "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations". GOV.UK.
  50. ^ Taraki, Lisa (January–February 1989). "The Islamic Resistance Movement in the Palestinian Uprising". Middle East Report. No. 156. Tacoma, WA: MERIP. m/s. 30–32. doi:10.2307/3012813. ISSN 0899-2851. JSTOR 3012813. OCLC 615545050. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada February 1, 2022. Dicapai pada February 1, 2022.
  51. ^ "Hamas, n. meanings, etymology and more". Oxford English Dictionary.
  52. ^ Lopez, Anthony; Ireland, Carol; Ireland, Jane; Lewis, Michael (2020). The Handbook of Collective Violence: Current Developments and Understanding. Taylor & Francis. m/s. 239. ISBN 9780429588952. The most successful radical Sunni Islamist group has been Hamas, which began as a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine in the early 1980s. It used terrorist attacks against civilians - particularly suicide bombings – to help build a larger movement, going so far as to emerge as the recognized government of the Gaza Strip in the Palestine Authority.
  53. ^ Kear 2018, m/s. 22.
  54. ^ a b Higgins, Andrew (January 24, 2009). "How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas". The Wall Street Journal. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada September 26, 2009. Dicapai pada January 25, 2023. When Israel first encountered Islamists in Gaza in the 1970s and '80s, they seemed focused on studying the Quran, not on confrontation with Israel. The Israeli government officially recognized a precursor to Hamas called Mujama Al-Islamiya, registering the group as a charity. It allowed Mujama members to set up an Islamic university and build mosques, clubs and schools. Crucially, Israel often stood aside when the Islamists and their secular left-wing Palestinian rivals battled, sometimes violently, for influence in both Gaza and the West Bank. "When I look back at the chain of events I think we made a mistake," says David Hacham, who worked in Gaza in the late 1980s and early '90s as an Arab-affairs expert in the Israeli military. "But at the time nobody thought about the possible results." Israeli officials who served in Gaza disagree on how much their own actions may have contributed to the rise of Hamas. They blame the group's recent ascent on outsiders, primarily Iran. This view is shared by the Israeli government. "Hamas in Gaza was built by Iran as a foundation for power, and is backed through funding, through training and through the provision of advanced weapons," Mr. Olmert said last Saturday. Hamas has denied receiving military assistance from Iran.
  55. ^ "Afghanistan in Palestine", by Zvi Bar'el, Haaretz, July 26, 2005
  56. ^ Charrett 2020, m/s. 129–37.
  57. ^ Madelene Axelsson (January 27, 2006). "Islamistisk politik vinner mark" (dalam bahasa Sweden). Stockholms Fria Tidning. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada September 27, 2007. Dicapai pada April 10, 2006.
  58. ^ Davis 2016, m/s. 67–69.
  59. ^ Mukhimer 2012, m/s. vii, 58.
  60. ^ "How powerful is Hamas?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Dicapai pada October 17, 2023. In 2006, a year after Israel withdrew from Gaza, Hamas won a majority of seats in a Palestinian election and later formed a new unity government with Fatah, its nationalist rival. In June 2007, after a brief civil war, it assumed sole control of Gaza, leaving Fatah to run the Palestinian Authority (pa) in the West Bank. In response Israel and Egypt imposed a suffocating blockade on the coastal strip in 2007, strangling its economy and in effect confining its people in an open-air prison. There have been no elections since. Hamas has run Gaza as an oppressive one-party state, leaving some Palestinians there disenchanted with its leadership. Nevertheless, Palestinians widely consider it to be more competent than the ailing, corrupt pa.
  61. ^ "Gaza Strip: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report". Freedom House. Dicapai pada October 17, 2023. Since 2007, Gaza has functioned as a de facto one-party state under Hamas rule
  62. ^ Burton, Guy (2012). "Hamas and its Vision of Development". Third World Quarterly. 33 (3): 525–540. doi:10.1080/01436597.2012.657491. ISSN 0143-6597. JSTOR 41507185. S2CID 144037453. The joint Hamas-Fatah government did not last long. Within months the two sides were fighting again, eventually leading to a political split of the occupied territory, with Fatah controlling the West Bank and Hamas establishing a virtual one-party state in Gaza
  63. ^ May, Tiffany (October 8, 2023). "A Quick Look at Hamas". The New York Times. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada October 14, 2023. Dicapai pada October 9, 2023.
  64. ^ Staff, The (October 9, 2023). "Two-state solution: Israeli-Palestinian history". Encyclopædia Britannica. Dicapai pada October 9, 2023.
  65. ^ Seurat 2019, halaman 17-19
  66. ^ "What does Israel's declaration of war mean for Palestinians in Gaza?". Al Jazeera.
  67. ^ "What will the Israeli-Palestinian conflict look like in 30 years?". Even Hamas in 2017 said it was ready to accept a Palestinian state with 1967 borders if it is clear this is the consensus of the Palestinians.
  68. ^ "Hamas accepts Palestinian state with 1967 borders: Khaled Meshaal presents a new document in which Hamas accepts 1967 borders without recognising state of Israel Gaza". Al Jazeera. 2 May 2017.
  69. ^ Sources that believe that Hamas' 2017 charter accepted the 1967 borders:
  70. ^ Halim Rane (2009). Reconstructing Jihad Amid Competing International Norms. m/s. 34. Asher Susser, director of the Dayan Centre at Tel Aviv University, conveyed to me in an interview that “Hamas’ ‘hudna' is not significantly different from Sharon’s ‘long-term interim agreement.” Similarly, Daniel Levy, a senior Israeli official for the Geneva Initiative (GI), informed me that certain Hamas officials find the GI acceptable, but due to the concerns about their Islamically oriented constituency and their own Islamic identity, they would “have to express the final result in terms of a “hudna,” or “indefinite" ceasefire,” rather than a formal peace agreement.”
  71. ^ Baconi 2018, m/s. 108Hamas’s finance minister in Gaza stated that “a long-term ceasefire as understood by Hamas and a two-state settlement are the same. It’s just a question of vocabulary.”
  72. ^ Loren D. Lybarger (2020). Palestinian Chicago. University of California Press. m/s. 199. Hamas too would signal a willingness to accept a long-term "hudna" (cessation of hostilities, truce) along the armistice lines of 1948 (an effective acceptance of the two-state formula).
  73. ^ Tristan Dunning (2016). Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy. Routledge. m/s. 179-180.
  74. ^ Alsoos, Imad (2021). "From jihad to resistance: the evolution of Hamas's discourse in the framework of mobilization". Middle Eastern Studies. 57 (5): 833–856. doi:10.1080/00263206.2021.1897006. S2CID 234860010.
  75. ^ Faeq, Nasir; Jahnata, Diego (2020). "The Historical Antecedents of Hamas". International Journal of Social Science Research and Review. 3 (3): 33. doi:10.47814/ijssrr.v3i3.49. S2CID 234607095.
  76. ^ Cordesman 2002, m/s. 243.
  77. ^ Zweiri 2006, m/s. 681.
  78. ^ Kear 2018, m/s. 7.
  79. ^ Krauss, Joseph (June 15, 2021). "Poll finds dramatic rise in Palestinian support for Hamas". AP News. Dicapai pada October 9, 2023.
  80. ^ Phillips 2011, m/s. 75.


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