Kongsi gelap Hai San

Kongsi gelap Hai San (bahasa Cina: 海山) yang berasal dari Selatan China adalah kumpulan kongsi gelap berpusat di Pulau Pinang yang ditubuhkan antara tahun 1820 dan 1825 dan dipimpin oleh Low Ah Chong^[1] dan Hoh Akow (juga dieja Ho Ah Kow atau Hok Ah Keow).

^ Triad Societies: Western Accounts of the History, Sociology and Linguistics of Chinese Secret Societies By Kingsley Bolton, Gustaaf Schlegel, Herbert Allen Giles, Christopher Hutton, J. S. M. Ward, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, W. P. Morgan, William Stanton, W. G. Stirling; Contributor Kingsley Bolton, Chris Hutton; Published by Taylor & Francis, 2000; ISBN 0415243971, 9780415243971

[1] Triad Societies: Western Accounts of the History, Sociology and Linguistics of Chinese Secret Societies By Kingsley Bolton, Gustaaf Schlegel, Herbert Allen Giles, Christopher Hutton, J. S. M. Ward, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, W. P. Morgan, William Stanton, W. G. Stirling; Contributor Kingsley Bolton, Chris Hutton; Published by Taylor & Francis, 2000; ISBN 0415243971, 9780415243971

[1]