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LGBT dalam Islam

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Layanan terhadap orang-orang lesbian, gay, biseksual, dan transgender (LGBT) dan pengalaman mereka di dunia Islam telah dipengaruhi oleh sejarah keagamaan, perundangan, sosial, politik, dan budaya.

Al-Quran menceritakan kisah "kaum Nabi Lut a.s." yang dimusnahkan oleh kemurkaan Tuhan kerana penglibatan mereka dalam perbuatan nafsu berahi sesama lelaki.[1][2][3][4] Tidak disebut sekali pun dalam Al-Quran bahawa pelaku homoseksual boleh dihukum mati,[5].<Sabda Nabi SAW:

مَنْ وَجَدْتُمُوهُ يَعْمَلُ عَمَلَ قَوْمِ لُوطٍ فَاقْتُلُوا الْفَاعِلَ وَالْمَفْعُولَ بِهِ

Hadith riwayat Ibn Abbas : “Sesiapa sahaja yang engkau dapati mengerjakan perbuatan homoseksual maka bunuhlah kedua pelakunya”.

(Riwayat Ahmad, no. 1875) name="Islamic Homosexualities">Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will, penyunting (1997). "Conclusion". Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. New York and London: NYU Press. m/s. 307–310. doi:10.18574/9780814761083-022. ISBN 9780814774687. JSTOR j.ctt9qfmm4. OCLC 35526232.</ref> Ada beberapa koleksi hadis yang mengutuk perbuatan homoseksual dan transgender,[1][6][7][8] menetapkan hukuman mati bagi kedua-dua pemberi dan penerima tindakan seksual sesama lelaki.[9]

Tidak banyak bukti terdapatnya amalan homoseksual dalam masyarakat Islam untuk abad pertama dan setengah dari sejarah awal Islam,[10] namun hubungan homoseksual lelaki adalah diketahui[11] dan dijadikan bahan persendaan, tetapi bukannya tidak disenangi, di bumi Arab.[12] Tema-tema homoerotik dan pederastik disemai dalam pelbagai jenis sastera lain yang ditulis dalam bahasa-bahasa utama dunia Islam dari abad ke-8 hingga era moden.[12][10][13][14] Konsep homoseksual yang terdapat dalam pustaka Islam klasik lebih menyerupai tradisi zaman kuno Yunani-Rom daripada pemahaman moden mengenai orientasi seksual.[12][10][15]

Perbuatan homoseksual adalah dilarang dalam perundangan Islam tradisional dan boleh dikenakan pelbagai hukuman bergantung pada keadaan dan mazhab, termasuklah hukuman mati.[16] Walau bagaimanapun, hubungan homoseksual secara umum ditoleransi dalam masyarakat Islam pra-moden,[17][18][16][19] malah catatan sejarah menunjukkan bahawa hukum-hukum ini jarang dikenakan, terutamanya dalam kes rogol atau "pencabulan moral umum yang keterlaluan dan menonjol."[16] Sikap masyarakat terhadap homoseksual di dunia Muslim mengalami perubahan negatif yang ketara bermula dari abad ke-19 melalui penyebaran gerakan fundamentalis Islam secara beransur-ansur seperti Salafi dan Wahabi,[20][21][22] serta pengaruh tanggapan seksual dan batasan norma-norma yang lazim di Eropah pada zaman itu: sejumlah negara dengan majoriti Muslim telah mempertahankan hukuman jenayah untuk tindakan homoseksual yang diberlakukan di bawah pemerintahan kolonial Eropah.[23][24][25][26]

Sejak kebelakangan ini, prasangka melampau, diskriminasi, dan keganasan terhadap orang-orang LGBT berlanjutan, baik oleh masyarakat mahupun undang-undang, di sebahagian besar dunia Islam, diburukkan lagi oleh sikap masyarakat yang semakin konservatif dan kebangkitan gerakan Islamis.[27][28] Di Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Mauritania, Nigeria, Arab Saudi, sebahagian Somalia,[29] Sudan, Emiriah Arab Bersatu, dan Yaman, aktiviti homoseksual boleh dikenakan hukuman mati atau hukuman penjara.[30][31][32][33][34][35] Di negara-negara lain seperti Algeria, Bangladesh, Chad,[36] Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan, Qatar, Somalia, dan Syria, hubungan homoseksual tidak sah di sisi undang-undang dan boleh dikenakan tindakan.[37][38][39][40][41][42] Hubungan seks sama jenis dibenarkan di Albania, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bosnia dan Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Guinea-Bissau, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Lubnan,[note 1] Mali, Niger, Tajikistan, Turki, di Indonesia[note 2] ,Tebing Barat (Palestin), dan Cyprus Utara.[45][46][47][48] Hubungan homoseksual dibenarkan antara wanita tetapi dilarang antara lelaki di Kuwait, Turkmenistan, dan Uzbekistan.[49][50][51][52]

Kebanyakan negara majoriti Muslim serta Pertubuhan Kerjasama Islam (OIC) menentang tindakan-tindakan untuk memajukan hak LGBT di PBB, menerusi Perhimpunan Agung mahupun UNHRC. Pada bulan Mei 2016, sekumpulan 51 negara majoriti Muslim menyekat 11 organisasi gay dan transgender daripada menghadiri Mesyuarat Tahap Tinggi 2016 untuk Menamatkan AIDS.[53][54][55][56] Walau bagaimanapun, Albania dan Sierra Leone telah menandatangani Deklarasi PBB yang menyokong hak LGBT.[57][58] Undang-undang anti-diskriminasi LGBT telah digubal di Albania, Kosovo, dan Cyprus Utara.[59] Terdapat juga beberapa organisasi untuk Muslim LGBT yang menyokong hak LGBT, dan juga lain-lain yang mencuba terapi penukaran.[60]

  1. ^ a b McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, penyunting (2006). "Homosexuality". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. 2. Leiden: Brill Publishers. m/s. 444–445. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00085. ISBN 90-04-14743-8.
  2. ^ (references 7:80–84, 11:77–83, 21:74, 22:43, 26:165–175, 27:56–59, and 29:27–33)
  3. ^ Duran (1993) p. 179
  4. ^ Kligerman (2007) pp. 53–54
  5. ^ Yusuf Ali, Abdullah (2002). The Quran. Istanbul, Turkey: Adir Media. ISBN 1931445214.
  6. ^ "Liwāṭ". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 5. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 1986. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
  7. ^ Mohd Izwan bin Md Yusof; Muhd. Najib bin Abdul Kadir; Mazlan bin Ibrahim; Khader bin Ahmad; Murshidi bin Mohd Noor; Saiful Azhar bin Saadon. "Hadith Sahih on Behaviour of LGBT" (PDF). islam.gov.my (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Government of Malaysia. Dicapai pada 26 July 2019.
  8. ^ Rowson, Everett K. (October 1991). "The Effeminates of Early Medina" (PDF). Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 111 (4): 671–693. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.1504. doi:10.2307/603399. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 603399. LCCN 12032032. OCLC 47785421. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2008-10-01.
  9. ^ Rowson, Everett K. (30 December 2012) [15 December 2004]. "HOMOSEXUALITY ii. IN ISLAMIC LAW". Encyclopædia Iranica. XII/4. New York: Columbia University. m/s. 441–445. ISSN 2330-4804. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 May 2013. Dicapai pada 13 April 2021.
  10. ^ a b c Rowson, Everett K. (30 December 2012) [15 December 2004]. "HOMOSEXUALITY ii. IN ISLAMIC LAW". Encyclopædia Iranica. XII/4. New York: Columbia University. m/s. 441–445. ISSN 2330-4804. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 May 2013. Dicapai pada 13 April 2021.
  11. ^ "Liwāṭ". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 5. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 1986. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
  12. ^ a b c Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will, penyunting (1997). "Conclusion". Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. New York and London: NYU Press. m/s. 307–310. doi:10.18574/9780814761083-022. ISBN 9780814774687. JSTOR j.ctt9qfmm4. OCLC 35526232.
  13. ^ Khaled El-Rouayheb. Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World 1500–1800. m/s. 12 ff.
  14. ^ "Homosexuality". Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. MacMillan Reference USA. 2004.
  15. ^ Ali, Kecia (2016). Sexual Ethics And Islam. Oneworld Publications (Kindle edition). m/s. 105.
  16. ^ a b c Rowson, Everett K. (30 December 2012) [15 December 2004]. "HOMOSEXUALITY ii. IN ISLAMIC LAW". Encyclopædia Iranica. XII/4. New York: Columbia University. m/s. 441–445. ISSN 2330-4804. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 May 2013. Dicapai pada 13 April 2021.
  17. ^ Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will, penyunting (1997). "Conclusion". Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. New York and London: NYU Press. m/s. 307–310. doi:10.18574/9780814761083-022. ISBN 9780814774687. JSTOR j.ctt9qfmm4. OCLC 35526232.
  18. ^ "Liwāṭ". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 5. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 1986. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
  19. ^ "Homosexuality". Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. MacMillan Reference USA. 2004.
  20. ^ Falaky, Fayçal (2018). "Radical Islam, Tolerance, and the Enlightenment". Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture. 47: 265–266. doi:10.1353/sec.2018.0026.
  21. ^ Evans, Daniel (2013). "Oppression and Subalternity: Homosexual and Transgender in Islam". Journal of the International Relations and Affairs Group. 3 (1): 109–110. ISBN 9781304399694.
  22. ^ Dialmy, Abdessamad (13 May 2010). "Sexuality and Islam". The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care. 15 (3): 160–168. doi:10.3109/13625181003793339. PMID 20441406.
  23. ^ Tilo Beckers, "Islam and the Acceptance of Homosexuality," in Islam and Homosexuality, Volume 1, ed. Samar Habib, 64-65 (Praeger, 2009).
  24. ^ Shafiqa Ahmadi (2012). "Islam and Homosexuality: Religious Dogma, Colonial Rule, and the Quest for Belonging". Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development. 26 (3): 557–558.
  25. ^ "How homosexuality became a crime in the Middle East". The Economist. 6 June 2018.
  26. ^ Ira M. Lapidus; Lena Salaymeh (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). m/s. 361–362. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9. The attitudes toward homosexuality in the Ottoman Empire underwent a dramatic change during the 19th century. Before that time, Ottoman societal norms accepted homoerotic relations as normal, despite condemnation of homosexuality by religious scholars. The Ottoman Sultanic law (qanun) tended to equalize the treatment of hetero- and homosexuals. Dream interpretation literature accepted homosexuality as natural, and karagoz, the principal character of popular puppet theater, engaged in both active and passive gay sex. However, in the 19th century, Ottoman society started to be influenced by European ideas about sexuality as well as the criticism leveled at the Ottoman society by European authors for its sexual and gender norms, including homosexuality. This criticism associated the weakness of the Ottoman state and corruption of the Ottoman government with Ottoman sexual corruption. By the 1850s, these ideas were prompting embarrassment and self-censorship among the Ottoman public regarding traditional attitudes toward sex in general and homosexuality in particular. Dream interpretation literature declined, the puppet theater was purged of its coarser elements, and homoeroticism began to be regarded as abnormal and shameful.
  27. ^ "How homosexuality became a crime in the Middle East". The Economist. 6 June 2018.
  28. ^ Zaharin, Aisya Aymanee M.; Pallotta-Chiarolli, Maria (June 2020). "Countering Islamic conservatism on being transgender: Clarifying Tantawi's and Khomeini's fatwas from the progressive Muslim standpoint". International Journal of Transgender Health. Taylor & Francis. 21 (3): 235–241. doi:10.1080/26895269.2020.1778238. ISSN 1553-2739. LCCN 2004213389. OCLC 56795128. Dicapai pada 18 April 2021.
  29. ^ In some southern regions.
  30. ^ "Lesbian and Gay Rights in the World" (PDF). ILGA. May 2009. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 11 August 2011.
  31. ^ "UK party leaders back global gay rights campaign". BBC Online. 13 September 2011. Dicapai pada 7 November 2013. At present, homosexuality is illegal in 76 countries, including 38 within the Commonwealth. At least five countries - the Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Mauritania and Sudan - have used the death penalty against gay people.
  32. ^ "United Arab Emirates". Dicapai pada 27 October 2015. Facts as drug trafficking, homosexual behaviour, and apostasy are liable to capital punishment.
  33. ^ "Man Accused of "Gay Handshake" Stands Trial in Dubai". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 30 October 2015. Dicapai pada 27 October 2015.
  34. ^ Ottosson, Daniel. "State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws Prohibiting Same-Sex Activity Between Consenting Adults" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 22 November 2010.
  35. ^ Bearak, Max; Cameron, Darla (16 June 2016). "Analysis - Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death" – melalui www.washingtonpost.com.
  36. ^ The official text of Article 354 in French (Code Pénal Tchad, page 20):
  37. ^ "Maldives Penal Code, s411". University of Pennsylvania. Dicapai pada 7 March 2018.
  38. ^ Anderson, Ben (2007). "The Politics of Homosexuality in Africa" (PDF). Africana. 1 (1). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 24 July 2011.
  39. ^ Ottosson, Daniel (2013). "State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults" (PDF). International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA). m/s. Page 7. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 27 June 2013. Dicapai pada 26 February 2016.
  40. ^ Ready, Freda (4 December 2002). "Qatar's Gay Rights Policy Under Scrutiny". The Cornell Daily Sun.
  41. ^ "Syria: Treatment and human rights situation of homosexuals" (PDF). Dicapai pada 20 January 2011.
  42. ^ "Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860)". Pakistani. Dicapai pada 12 February 2014.
  43. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama timesofisrael.com
  44. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama metroweekly.com
  45. ^ "In response to anti-LGBT fatwa, Jokowi urged to abolish laws targeting minorities". The Jakarta Post. 18 March 2015. Dicapai pada 7 April 2015.
  46. ^ "Indonesia: Situation of sexual minorities, including legislation, treatment by society and authorities, state protection and support services available (2013- June 2015)". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 8 July 2015. Dicapai pada 18 May 2016.
  47. ^ Utah, The University of. "Global Justice Project: Iraq » Archive » Homosexuality and the Criminal Law in Iraq: UPDATED". Dicapai pada 4 August 2017.
  48. ^ Ottosson, Daniel (May 2009). "State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA). m/s. 23. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 29 October 2009. Dicapai pada 19 May 2009.
  49. ^ "In response to anti-LGBT fatwa, Jokowi urged to abolish laws targeting minorities". The Jakarta Post. 18 March 2015. Dicapai pada 7 April 2015.
  50. ^ Lucas Paoli Itaborahy; Jingshu Zhu (May 2014). "State-sponsored Homophobia - A world survey of laws: Criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 29 June 2015. Dicapai pada 25 February 2016.
  51. ^ "Kuwait Law". ILGA Asia. 2009. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 19 July 2013.
  52. ^ "Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan On Enactment of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan". Legislationline.org. Dicapai pada 22 March 2016.
  53. ^ Nichols, Michelle; Von Ahn, Lisa (17 May 2016). "Muslim states block gay groups from U.N. AIDS meeting; U.S. protests". Reuters. Dicapai pada 18 May 2016.
  54. ^ Evans, Robert (8 March 2012). "Islamic states, Africans walk out on UN gay panel". Reuters. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-10-22. Dicapai pada 18 July 2012.
  55. ^ Solash, Richard (7 March 2012). "Historic UN Session On Gay Rights Marked By Arab Walkout". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Agence France-Presse. Dicapai pada 18 July 2012.
  56. ^ "South Africa leads United Nations on gay rights". MG.co.za. Dicapai pada 5 April 2017.
  57. ^ "Documento". Dicapai pada 25 April 2014.
  58. ^ "Over 80 Nations Support Statement at Human Rights Council on LGBT Rights » US Mission Geneva". Geneva.usmission.gov. Dicapai pada 22 April 2013.
  59. ^ "2016 Plan of Actions for LGBTI rights" (PDF).
  60. ^ Habib, Samar (2010). Islam and Homosexuality (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ABC-CLIO. m/s. 217. ISBN 9780313379031. Dicapai pada 2 August 2019.


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