Silur

Silur
Silur
	Peta Bumi sewaktu awal Tempoh Silur, sekitar 440 Ma
Kronologi
	Templat:Silurian graphical timeline
Etimologi
Keformalan nama	Formal
Sinonim	Gotland;
Maklumat kegunaan
Jasad cakerawala	Bumi
Kegunaan tempatan	Global (ICS)
Skala masa yang digunakan	Skala masa ICS
Takrifan
Unit kronologi	Tempoh
Unit stratigrafi	Sistem
Pertama kali dicadangkan oleh	Roderick Murchison, 1835
Keformalan jangka masa	Formal
Takrif sempadan bawah	DKP grafolit Akidograptus ascensus
Sempadan bawah GSSP	Dob's Linn, Moffat, United Kingdom; 55°26′24″N 3°16′12″W / 55.4400°N 3.2700°W
Tarikh ratifikasi sempadan bawah GSSP	1984
Takrif sempadan atas	DKP grafolit Monograptus uniformis
Sempadan atas GSSP	Klonk, Republik Czech; 49°51′18″N 13°47′31″E / 49.8550°N 13.7920°E
Tarikh ratifikasi sempadan atas GSSP	1972
Data atmosfera dan iklim
Nilai aras laut melebihi zaman kini	Sekitar 180 m, dengan peningkatan negatif dalam jangka masa pendek

Silur atau Silures merupakan nama untuk satu tempoh dan sistem geologi yang secara khusus meliputi 24.6 juta tahun dari akhir Tempoh Ordovisi pada 443.8 juta tahun dahulu (jtd) sehingga ke permulaan Tempoh Devon pada 419.2 jtd.^[5] Tempoh Silur merupakan tempoh terpendek Era Paleozoik. Seperti tempoh geologi lain, dasar batu yang mentakrifkan permulaan dan akhir tempoh itu dikenal pasti dengan baik, tetapi tarikh yang tepat tidak pasti dalam julat beberapa juta tahun. Lapisan terbawah sistem Silur ditetapkan pada satu siri peristiwa besar kepupusan Ordovisi-Silur apabila sehingga 60% daripada genus kehidupan lautan telah dihapuskan.

Satu peristiwa penting dalam tempoh ini ialah penempatan terawal kehidupan darat yang turut dikenali sebagai Revolusi Kehidupan Daratan Silur-Devon: tumbuhan pembuluh bercambah daripada tumbuhan darat yang lebih primitif,^[6]^[7] kulat dwikaryon mula berkembang dan mempelbagai jenis bersama dengan kulat glomeromikota,^[8] dan tiga kumpulan artropoda (miriapoda, araknida dan heksapoda) sudah boleh hidup di daratan dengan sepenuhnya.^[9]

Satu peristiwa penting dalam evolusi semasa zaman Silur ialah kepelbagaian ikan rahang dan ikan bertulang.^[10]

^ Lucas, Sepncer (6 November 2018). "The GSSP Method of Chronostratigraphy: A Critical Review". Frontiers in Earth Science. 6: 191. Bibcode:2018FrEaS...6..191L. doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00191.
^ Holland, C. (June 1985). "Series and Stages of the Silurian System" (PDF). Episodes. 8 (2): 101–103. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1985/v8i2/005. Dicapai pada 11 December 2020.
^ Chlupáč, Ivo; Hladil, Jindrich (January 2000). "The global stratotype section and point of the Silurian-Devonian boundary". CFS Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. Dicapai pada 7 December 2020.
^ Haq, B. U.; Schutter, SR (2008). "A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes". Science. 322 (5898): 64–68. Bibcode:2008Sci...322...64H. doi:10.1126/science.1161648. PMID 18832639. S2CID 206514545.
^ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart v.2015/01" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. January 2015.
^ Capel, Elliot; Cleal, Christopher J.; Xue, Jinzhuang; Monnet, Claude; Servais, Thomas; Cascales-Miñana, Borja (August 2022). "The Silurian–Devonian terrestrial revolution: Diversity patterns and sampling bias of the vascular plant macrofossil record". Earth-Science Reviews. 231: 104085. Bibcode:2022ESRv..23104085C. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104085. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (bantuan)
^ Xue, Jinzhuang; Huang, Pu; Wang, Deming; Xiong, Conghui; Liu, Le; Basinger, James F. (May 2018). "Silurian-Devonian terrestrial revolution in South China: Taxonomy, diversity, and character evolution of vascular plants in a paleogeographically isolated, low-latitude region". Earth-Science Reviews. 180: 92–125. Bibcode:2018ESRv..180...92X. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.03.004. Dicapai pada 8 December 2022.
^ Lutzoni, François; Nowak, Michael D.; Alfaro, Michael E.; Reeb, Valérie; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Krug, Michael; Arnold, A. Elizabeth; Lewis, Louise A.; Swofford, David L. (21 December 2018). "Contemporaneous radiations of fungi and plants linked to symbiosis". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 5451. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.5451L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07849-9. PMC 6303338. PMID 30575731.
^ Garwood, Russell J.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (September 2011). "Early Terrestrial Animals, Evolution, and Uncertainty". Evolution: Education and Outreach. 4 (3): 489–501. doi:10.1007/s12052-011-0357-y.
^ Brazeau, M. D.; Friedman, M. (2015). "The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates". Nature. 520 (7548): 490–497. Bibcode:2015Natur.520..490B. doi:10.1038/nature14438. PMC 4648279. PMID 25903631.

[1] Lucas, Sepncer (6 November 2018). "The GSSP Method of Chronostratigraphy: A Critical Review". Frontiers in Earth Science. 6: 191. Bibcode:2018FrEaS...6..191L. doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00191.

[2] Holland, C. (June 1985). "Series and Stages of the Silurian System" (PDF). Episodes. 8 (2): 101–103. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1985/v8i2/005. Dicapai pada 11 December 2020.

[3] Chlupáč, Ivo; Hladil, Jindrich (January 2000). "The global stratotype section and point of the Silurian-Devonian boundary". CFS Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. Dicapai pada 7 December 2020.

[4] Haq, B. U.; Schutter, SR (2008). "A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes". Science. 322 (5898): 64–68. Bibcode:2008Sci...322...64H. doi:10.1126/science.1161648. PMID 18832639. S2CID 206514545.

[ICS2015-5] "International Chronostratigraphic Chart v.2015/01" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. January 2015.

[SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolution-6] Capel, Elliot; Cleal, Christopher J.; Xue, Jinzhuang; Monnet, Claude; Servais, Thomas; Cascales-Miñana, Borja (August 2022). "The Silurian–Devonian terrestrial revolution: Diversity patterns and sampling bias of the vascular plant macrofossil record". Earth-Science Reviews. 231: 104085. Bibcode:2022ESRv..23104085C. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104085. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (bantuan)

[SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolutionChina-7] Xue, Jinzhuang; Huang, Pu; Wang, Deming; Xiong, Conghui; Liu, Le; Basinger, James F. (May 2018). "Silurian-Devonian terrestrial revolution in South China: Taxonomy, diversity, and character evolution of vascular plants in a paleogeographically isolated, low-latitude region". Earth-Science Reviews. 180: 92–125. Bibcode:2018ESRv..180...92X. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.03.004. Dicapai pada 8 December 2022.

[LutzoniEtAl2018-8] Lutzoni, François; Nowak, Michael D.; Alfaro, Michael E.; Reeb, Valérie; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Krug, Michael; Arnold, A. Elizabeth; Lewis, Louise A.; Swofford, David L. (21 December 2018). "Contemporaneous radiations of fungi and plants linked to symbiosis". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 5451. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.5451L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07849-9. PMC 6303338. PMID 30575731.

[Garwood-9] Garwood, Russell J.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (September 2011). "Early Terrestrial Animals, Evolution, and Uncertainty". Evolution: Education and Outreach. 4 (3): 489–501. doi:10.1007/s12052-011-0357-y.

[Brazeau-Friedman-2015-10] Brazeau, M. D.; Friedman, M. (2015). "The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates". Nature. 520 (7548): 490–497. Bibcode:2015Natur.520..490B. doi:10.1038/nature14438. PMC 4648279. PMID 25903631.

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