Tulisan pepaku

Pepaku (Kuneiform)
Pepaku (Kuneiform);
	Fail:Prasasti tiga bahasa oleh Xerxes, Van, 1973.JPG Prasasti pepaku tiga bahasa oleh Xerxes di Kubu Van, Turki, ditulis dalam bahasa-bahasa Parsi Lama, Akkadia, dan Elam
Jenis	Logograf dan kesukukataan
Bahasa	Akkadia, Ebla, Elam, Hatti, Het, Hurri, Luwi, Sumeria, Urartu, Parsi Lama
Tempoh masa	c. abad ke-31 SM ke abad pertama M
Aksara induk	(Prototulisan) Pepaku (Kuneiform);
Aksara turunan	tiada;; mempengaruhi bentuk Ugarit; tampak mengilhami tulisan Parsi Lama
Arah tulis	Kiri-ke-kanan
ISO 15924	Xsux, 020
Alias Unikod	Cuneiform
Julat Unikod	U+12000 to U+123FF (Pepaku Sumer-Akkadia); U+12400 to U+1247F (Angka-angka)
	Rencana ini mengandungi simbol fonetik IPA. Tanpa sokongan pemaparan yang betul, anda mungkin akan melihat tanda soal, kotak atau simbol lain dan bukan aksara Unikod. Untuk panduan pengenalan mengenai simbol IPA, lihat ms:Bantuan:IPA.

Rencana ini mengandungi Bantuan:Aksara khas. Tanpa pemberian sokongan yang sewajarnya, anda mungkin melihat tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain.

Tulisan pepaku, tulisan baji atau kuneiform merupakan antara sistem tulisan terawal yang diketahui dalam sejarah. Ia dikenali dengan aksara-aksara berupa baji yang ditulis dengan gedabung tumpul di atas batu bersurat daripada tanah liat. Istilah "kuneiform" bermaksud "bentuk baji" daripada bahasa Latin iaitu cuneus "baji" dan forma "bentuk", dan mungkin dilariskan dari cunéiforme dalam bahasa Perancis Lama.

Tulisan pepaku mula-mula tercipta di Sumer pada akhir alaf keempat SM (iaitu zaman Uruk IV) sebagai suatu sistem piktograf. Pada alaf ketiga SM, aksara-aksara perlambangannya menjadi dipermudah dan lebih mujarad dengan berkurangannya bilangan aksara dari kira-kira 1,000 pada awal Zaman Gangsa ke sekitar 400 pada lewat Zaman Gangsa (pepaku Het). Tulisan pepaku terdiri daripada gabungan lambang-lambang logofonetik (perlambangan campur sebutan), huruf konsonan dan suku kata.^[1]

Tulisan Sumer yang asal ini bukan hanya disesuaikan untuk penulisan bahasa-bahasa Akkadia, Ebla, Elam, Hatti, Het, Hurri, Luwi, dan Urartu, bahkan juga mengilhami abjad-abjad Ugarit dan Parsi Lama. Tulisan pepaku beransur-ansur digantikan oleh abjad Phoenicia sewaktu Empayar Neo-Assyria. Menjelang abad ke-2 M, tulisan pepaku sudah pupus, maka hilanglah segala pengetahuan tentang pembacaan dan penulisannya sehingga ia ditafsir pada abad ke-19.

Dianggarkan dari setengah juta^[2] hingga dua juta keping batu bersurat pepaku telah ditemui pada zaman moden. Daripada itu, hanya kira-kira 30,000^[3] ke 100,000 keping telah ditafsir atau diterbitkan. Muzium British menyimpan koleksi terbesar iaitu kira-kira 130,000 keping, diekori oleh Muzium Timur Dekat Berlin, Louvre di Paris, Muzium Arkeologi Istanbul, Muzium Kebangsaan Iraq, Koleksi Babylon Yale (kira-kira 40,000) dan Muzium Penn. Kebanyakannya telah "terbiar dalam koleksi-koleksi ini selama seabad tanpa diterjemah, dikaji atau diterbitkan,"^[2] kerana di dunia ini hanya ada beberapa ratus orang pentafsir pepaku yang berkelayakan.^[3]

^ Lo 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Cuneiform Tablets: Who's Got What?", Biblical Archaeology Review, 31 (2), 2005
^ ^a ^b Watkins, Lee; Snyder, Dean (2003), The Digital Hammurabi Project (PDF), The Johns Hopkins University, Since the decipherment of Babylonian cuneiform some 150 years ago museums have accumulated perhaps 300,000 tablets written in most of the major languages of the Ancient Near East - Sumerian, Akkadian (Babylonian and Assyrian), Eblaite, Hittite, Persian, Hurrian, Elamite, and Ugaritic. These texts include genres as variegated as mythology and mathematics, law codes and beer recipes. In most cases these documents are the earliest exemplars of their genres, and cuneiformists have made unique and valuable contributions to the study of such moderns disciplines as history, law, religion, linguistics, mathematics, and science. In spite of continued great interest in mankind’s earliest documents it has been estimated that only about 1/10 of the extant cuneiform texts have been read even once in modern times. There are various reasons for this: the complex Sumero/Akkadian script system is inherently difficult to learn; there is, as yet, no standard computer encoding for cuneiform; there are only a few hundred qualified cuneiformists in the world; the pedagogical tools are, in many cases, non-optimal; and access to the widely distributed tablets is expensive, time-consuming, and, due to the vagaries of politics, becoming increasingly difficult.

[Lo-1] Lo 2007.

[BAR-2] "Cuneiform Tablets: Who's Got What?", Biblical Archaeology Review, 31 (2), 2005

[DigHamm-3] Watkins, Lee; Snyder, Dean (2003), The Digital Hammurabi Project (PDF), The Johns Hopkins University, Since the decipherment of Babylonian cuneiform some 150 years ago museums have accumulated perhaps 300,000 tablets written in most of the major languages of the Ancient Near East - Sumerian, Akkadian (Babylonian and Assyrian), Eblaite, Hittite, Persian, Hurrian, Elamite, and Ugaritic. These texts include genres as variegated as mythology and mathematics, law codes and beer recipes. In most cases these documents are the earliest exemplars of their genres, and cuneiformists have made unique and valuable contributions to the study of such moderns disciplines as history, law, religion, linguistics, mathematics, and science. In spite of continued great interest in mankind’s earliest documents it has been estimated that only about 1/10 of the extant cuneiform texts have been read even once in modern times. There are various reasons for this: the complex Sumero/Akkadian script system is inherently difficult to learn; there is, as yet, no standard computer encoding for cuneiform; there are only a few hundred qualified cuneiformists in the world; the pedagogical tools are, in many cases, non-optimal; and access to the widely distributed tablets is expensive, time-consuming, and, due to the vagaries of politics, becoming increasingly difficult.

[1]

[2]

[3]