Antroposofie

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Antroposofie (van het Griekse: ἄνθρωπος, ánthrōpos "mens" en σοφία sophía "wijsheid") is een spirituele filosofie en occulte wetenschap^[1] gebaseerd op de leer van Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925), die het bestaan postuleert van een geestelijke wereld die toegankelijk zou zijn via innerlijke ontwikkeling. Deze innerlijke ontwikkeling is gericht op versterking van het bewustzijn.

De antroposofische gezichtspunten worden ingezet op verschillende terreinen, zoals Vrijeschoolonderwijs, heilpedagogie, euritmie, spraakvorming, kunstzinnige therapieën, antroposofische geneeskunde, sociale driegeleding, biologisch-dynamische landbouw en architectuur.

Volgens Swartz, Brandt, Hammer en Hansson is Antroposofie een religie (nieuwe religieuze beweging).^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Volgens Martin Gardner is het een sekte.^[8]^[9] Andere academici menen dat Antroposofie een religieuze beweging is.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

↑ Door Steiner zelf zo benoemd in zijn werk 'Geheimwissenschaft im Umriss' (Occulte wetenschap, een overzicht) uit 1909.
↑ Swartz, Karen, Hammer, Olav (14 June 2022). Soft charisma as an impediment to fundamentalist discourse: The case of the Anthroposophical Society in Sweden. Approaching Religion 12 (2): 18–37. ISSN: 1799-3121. DOI: 10.30664/ar.113383. “2. It can be noted that insiders routinely deny that Anthroposophy is a religion and prefer to characterise it as, for example, a philosophical perspective or a form of science. From a scholarly perspective, however, Anthroposophy has all the elements that one typically associates with a religion, for example, a charismatic founder whose status is based on claims of having direct insight into a normally invisible spiritual dimension of existence, a plethora of culturally postulated suprahuman beings that are said to influence our lives, concepts of an afterlife, canonical texts and rituals. Religions whose members deny that the movement they belong to has anything to do with religion are not uncommon in the modern age, but the reason for this is a matter that goes beyond the confines of this article.”.
↑ Brandt, Katharina, Hammer, Olav (2013). Handbook of the Theosophical Current. Brill, "Rudolf Steiner and Theosophy", 113 fn. 1. ISBN 978-90-04-23597-7. Geraadpleegd op 23 January 2024 "From a scholar’s point of view, Anthroposophy presents characteristics typically associated with religion, and in particular concepts of suprahuman agents (such as angels), a charismatic founder with postulated insight into the suprahuman realm (Steiner himself), rituals (for instance, eurythmy), and canonical texts (Steiner’s writings). From an insider’s perspective, however, “anthroposophy is not a religion, nor is it meant to be a substitute for religion. While its insights may support, illuminate or complement religious practice, it provides no belief system” (from the Waldorf school website www.waldorfanswers.com/NotReligion1.htm , accessed 9 October 2011). The contrast between a scholarly and an insiders’ perspective on what constitutes religion is highlighted by the clinching warrant for this assertion. Although the website argues that Anthroposophy is not a religion by stating that there are no spiritual teachers and no beliefs, it does so by adding a reference to a text by Steiner, who thus functions as an unquestioned authority figure."
↑ Hammer, Olav (2008). New Religions and Globalization. Aarhus University Press, p. 69. ISBN 978-87-7934-681-9. Geraadpleegd op 23 January 2024 "Anthroposophy is thus from an emic point of view emphatically not a religion."
↑ Hansson, Sven Ove (1 July 2022). Anthroposophical Climate Science Denial. Critical Research on Religion 10 (3): 281–297 (SAGE Publications). ISSN: 2050-3032. DOI: 10.1177/20503032221075382. “Anthroposophy has characteristics usually associated with religions, not least a belief in a large number of spiritual beings (Toncheva 2015, 73–81, 134–135). However, its adherents emphatically reject that it is a religion, claiming instead that it is a spiritual science, Geisteswissenschaft (Zander 2007, 1:867).”.
↑ Zie ook International Bureau of Education (1960). Organization of Special Education for Mentally Deficient Children: A Study in Comparative Education. UNESCO, p. 15. Geraadpleegd op 9 February 2024 "anthroposophy - a religion based upon the philosophical and scientific knowledge of man"
↑ Zie ook International Bureau of Education (1957). Bulletin of the International Bureau of Education. International Bureau of Education, p. 36. Geraadpleegd op 9 February 2024 "anthroposophy - a religion based upon the philosophical and scientific knowledge of man"
↑ Gardner, Martin (1957). Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. Dover Publications, 169, 224f. ISBN 978-0-486-20394-2. Geraadpleegd op 31 January 2022 "The late Rudolf Steiner, founder of the Anthropsophical Society, the fastest growing cult in post-war Germany... Closely related to the organic farming movement is the German anthroposophical cult founded by Rudolf Steiner, whom we met earlier in connection with his writings on Atlantis and Lemuria. ... In essence, the anthroposophists' approach to the soil is like their approach to the human body—a variation of homeopathy. (See Steiner's An Outline of Anthroposophical Medical Research, English translation, 1939, for an explanation of how mistletoe, when properly prepared, will cure cancer by absorbing "etheric forces" and strengthening the "astral body.") They believe the soil can be made more "dynamic" by adding to it certain mysterious preparations which, like the medicines of homeopathic "purists," are so diluted that nothing material of the compound remains."
↑ Zie ook Brown, Candy Gunther (6 May 2019). Debating Yoga and Mindfulness in Public Schools. University of North Carolina Press. DOI:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648484.003.0012, "Waldorf Methods", 229–254. ISBN 978-1-4696-4848-4 "premised on anthroposophy, a religious sect founded by Steiner;"
↑ Toncheva, Svetoslava (2013). Anthroposophy as religious syncretism. SOTER: Journal of Religious Science 48 (48): 81–89. DOI: 10.7220/1392-7450.48(76).5.
↑ Toncheva, Svetoslava (2015). Out of the New Spirituality of the Twentieth Century. Frank & Timme GmbH, 13, 17. ISBN 978-3-7329-0132-6.
↑ Clemen, Carl (1924). Anthroposophy. The Journal of Religion 4 (3): 281–292. ISSN: 0022-4189. DOI: 10.1086/480431.
↑
- Norman, Alex (2012). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill, p. 213. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1. Geraadpleegd op 1 January 2024 "[...] continue to have influence beyond the institutional reach of Anthropospophy, the new religious movement he founded."
- Frisk, Liselotte (2012). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill, 204 fn. 10, 208. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1. Geraadpleegd op 1 January 2024 "Thus my conclusion is that it is quite uncontroversial to see Anthroposophy as a whole as a religious movement, in the conventional use of the term, although it is not an emic term used by Anthroposophists themselves."
- Cusack, Carole M. (2012). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill, p. 190. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1. Geraadpleegd op 1 January 2024 "Steiner, of all esoteric and new religious teachers of the early twentieth century, was acutely aware of the peculiar value of cultural production, an activity with which he engaged with tireless energy, and considerable (amateur and professional) skill and achievement."
↑ Gilhus, Sælid (2016). Western Esotericism in Scandinavia. Brill, p. 56. ISBN 978-90-04-32596-8. Geraadpleegd op 6 February 2024.
↑ Ahlbäck, Tore (1 januari 2008). Rudolf Steiner as a religious authority. Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 20. ISSN: 2343-4937. DOI: 10.30674/scripta.67323.
↑ (de) Schnurbein, Stefanie von, Ulbricht, Justus H. (2001). Völkische Religion und Krisen der Moderne: Entwürfe "arteigener" Glaubenssysteme seit der Jahrhundertwende. Königshausen & Neumann, p. 38. ISBN 978-3-8260-2160-2. Geraadpleegd op 8 February 2024. apud Staudenmaier, Peter (1 February 2008). Race and Redemption: Racial and Ethnic Evolution in Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy. Nova Religio 11 (3): 4–36 (University of California Press). ISSN: 1092-6690. DOI: 10.1525/nr.2008.11.3.4.

[1] Door Steiner zelf zo benoemd in zijn werk 'Geheimwissenschaft im Umriss' (Occulte wetenschap, een overzicht) uit 1909.

[Swartz_Hammer_2022_pp._18–37-2] Swartz, Karen, Hammer, Olav (14 June 2022). Soft charisma as an impediment to fundamentalist discourse: The case of the Anthroposophical Society in Sweden. Approaching Religion 12 (2): 18–37. ISSN: 1799-3121. DOI: 10.30664/ar.113383. “2. It can be noted that insiders routinely deny that Anthroposophy is a religion and prefer to characterise it as, for example, a philosophical perspective or a form of science. From a scholarly perspective, however, Anthroposophy has all the elements that one typically associates with a religion, for example, a charismatic founder whose status is based on claims of having direct insight into a normally invisible spiritual dimension of existence, a plethora of culturally postulated suprahuman beings that are said to influence our lives, concepts of an afterlife, canonical texts and rituals. Religions whose members deny that the movement they belong to has anything to do with religion are not uncommon in the modern age, but the reason for this is a matter that goes beyond the confines of this article.”.

[Hammer_Rothstein_2013_p._113-3] Brandt, Katharina, Hammer, Olav (2013). Handbook of the Theosophical Current. Brill, "Rudolf Steiner and Theosophy", 113 fn. 1. ISBN 978-90-04-23597-7. Geraadpleegd op 23 January 2024 "From a scholar’s point of view, Anthroposophy presents characteristics typically associated with religion, and in particular concepts of suprahuman agents (such as angels), a charismatic founder with postulated insight into the suprahuman realm (Steiner himself), rituals (for instance, eurythmy), and canonical texts (Steiner’s writings). From an insider’s perspective, however, “anthroposophy is not a religion, nor is it meant to be a substitute for religion. While its insights may support, illuminate or complement religious practice, it provides no belief system” (from the Waldorf school website www.waldorfanswers.com/NotReligion1.htm , accessed 9 October 2011). The contrast between a scholarly and an insiders’ perspective on what constitutes religion is highlighted by the clinching warrant for this assertion. Although the website argues that Anthroposophy is not a religion by stating that there are no spiritual teachers and no beliefs, it does so by adding a reference to a text by Steiner, who thus functions as an unquestioned authority figure."

[Geertz_Warburg_2008_p._69-4] Hammer, Olav (2008). New Religions and Globalization. Aarhus University Press, p. 69. ISBN 978-87-7934-681-9. Geraadpleegd op 23 January 2024 "Anthroposophy is thus from an emic point of view emphatically not a religion."

[Hansson_2022_pp._281–297-5] Hansson, Sven Ove (1 July 2022). Anthroposophical Climate Science Denial. Critical Research on Religion 10 (3): 281–297 (SAGE Publications). ISSN: 2050-3032. DOI: 10.1177/20503032221075382. “Anthroposophy has characteristics usually associated with religions, not least a belief in a large number of spiritual beings (Toncheva 2015, 73–81, 134–135). However, its adherents emphatically reject that it is a religion, claiming instead that it is a spiritual science, Geisteswissenschaft (Zander 2007, 1:867).”.

[International_Bureau_of_Education_1960_p.-6] Zie ook International Bureau of Education (1960). Organization of Special Education for Mentally Deficient Children: A Study in Comparative Education. UNESCO, p. 15. Geraadpleegd op 9 February 2024 "anthroposophy - a religion based upon the philosophical and scientific knowledge of man"

[International_Bureau_of_Education_1957_p.-7] Zie ook International Bureau of Education (1957). Bulletin of the International Bureau of Education. International Bureau of Education, p. 36. Geraadpleegd op 9 February 2024 "anthroposophy - a religion based upon the philosophical and scientific knowledge of man"

[Gardner_1957_p._169-8] Gardner, Martin (1957). Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. Dover Publications, 169, 224f. ISBN 978-0-486-20394-2. Geraadpleegd op 31 January 2022 "The late Rudolf Steiner, founder of the Anthropsophical Society, the fastest growing cult in post-war Germany... Closely related to the organic farming movement is the German anthroposophical cult founded by Rudolf Steiner, whom we met earlier in connection with his writings on Atlantis and Lemuria. ... In essence, the anthroposophists' approach to the soil is like their approach to the human body—a variation of homeopathy. (See Steiner's An Outline of Anthroposophical Medical Research, English translation, 1939, for an explanation of how mistletoe, when properly prepared, will cure cancer by absorbing "etheric forces" and strengthening the "astral body.") They believe the soil can be made more "dynamic" by adding to it certain mysterious preparations which, like the medicines of homeopathic "purists," are so diluted that nothing material of the compound remains."

[Brown_2019_pp._229–254-9] Zie ook Brown, Candy Gunther (6 May 2019). Debating Yoga and Mindfulness in Public Schools. University of North Carolina Press. DOI:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648484.003.0012, "Waldorf Methods", 229–254. ISBN 978-1-4696-4848-4 "premised on anthroposophy, a religious sect founded by Steiner;"

[Toncheva_2013_pp._81–89-10] Toncheva, Svetoslava (2013). Anthroposophy as religious syncretism. SOTER: Journal of Religious Science 48 (48): 81–89. DOI: 10.7220/1392-7450.48(76).5.

[Toncheva_2015_p.-11] Toncheva, Svetoslava (2015). Out of the New Spirituality of the Twentieth Century. Frank & Timme GmbH, 13, 17. ISBN 978-3-7329-0132-6.

[Clemen_1924_pp._281–292-12] Clemen, Carl (1924). Anthroposophy. The Journal of Religion 4 (3): 281–292. ISSN: 0022-4189. DOI: 10.1086/480431.

[Cusack_Norman_2012_p._213-13] 
Norman, Alex (2012). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill, p. 213. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1. Geraadpleegd op 1 January 2024 "[...] continue to have influence beyond the institutional reach of Anthropospophy, the new religious movement he founded."

Frisk, Liselotte (2012). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill, 204 fn. 10, 208. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1. Geraadpleegd op 1 January 2024 "Thus my conclusion is that it is quite uncontroversial to see Anthroposophy as a whole as a religious movement, in the conventional use of the term, although it is not an emic term used by Anthroposophists themselves."

Cusack, Carole M. (2012). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill, p. 190. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1. Geraadpleegd op 1 January 2024 "Steiner, of all esoteric and new religious teachers of the early twentieth century, was acutely aware of the peculiar value of cultural production, an activity with which he engaged with tireless energy, and considerable (amateur and professional) skill and achievement."

[14] Norman, Alex (2012). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill, p. 213. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1. Geraadpleegd op 1 January 2024 "[...] continue to have influence beyond the institutional reach of Anthropospophy, the new religious movement he founded."

[15] Frisk, Liselotte (2012). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill, 204 fn. 10, 208. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1. Geraadpleegd op 1 January 2024 "Thus my conclusion is that it is quite uncontroversial to see Anthroposophy as a whole as a religious movement, in the conventional use of the term, although it is not an emic term used by Anthroposophists themselves."

[16] Cusack, Carole M. (2012). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill, p. 190. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1. Geraadpleegd op 1 January 2024 "Steiner, of all esoteric and new religious teachers of the early twentieth century, was acutely aware of the peculiar value of cultural production, an activity with which he engaged with tireless energy, and considerable (amateur and professional) skill and achievement."

[Bogdan_Hammer_2016_p._54-14] Gilhus, Sælid (2016). Western Esotericism in Scandinavia. Brill, p. 56. ISBN 978-90-04-32596-8. Geraadpleegd op 6 February 2024.

[Ahlbäck_2008_p.-15] Ahlbäck, Tore (1 januari 2008). Rudolf Steiner as a religious authority. Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 20. ISSN: 2343-4937. DOI: 10.30674/scripta.67323.

[Schnurbein_Ulbricht_2001_p.-16] (de) Schnurbein, Stefanie von, Ulbricht, Justus H. (2001). Völkische Religion und Krisen der Moderne: Entwürfe "arteigener" Glaubenssysteme seit der Jahrhundertwende. Königshausen & Neumann, p. 38. ISBN 978-3-8260-2160-2. Geraadpleegd op 8 February 2024. apud Staudenmaier, Peter (1 February 2008). Race and Redemption: Racial and Ethnic Evolution in Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy. Nova Religio 11 (3): 4–36 (University of California Press). ISSN: 1092-6690. DOI: 10.1525/nr.2008.11.3.4.

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