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Libertarianismo de direita

Bandeira de Gadsden utilizada como símbolo para o libertarianismo, com a frase "não pise em mim".

Libertarianismo de direita,[1][2][3][4][5] também conhecido como capitalismo libertário[6] ou libertarismo de direita,[7][8] é uma filosofia política e um tipo de libertarianismo que apoia os direitos de propriedade capitalista e defende a distribuição dos recursos naturais e da propriedade privada pelo mercado.[9] O termo libertário de direita é usado para distinguir esta classe de pontos de vista sobre a natureza da propriedade e do capital[10] do libertarianismo de esquerda, um tipo de libertarianismo que combina autopropriedade com uma abordagem igualitária dos recursos naturais.[11] Em contraste com o libertarianismo socialista, o libertarianismo de direita apoia o capitalismo de livre mercado.[7] Como a maioria das formas de libertarianismo, ele apoia as liberdades civis,[7] especialmente o direito natural,[12] os direitos negativos[13] e uma redefinição do moderno estado de bem-estar.[14]

O pensamento político da direita libertaria caracteriza-se pela prioridade normativa à liberdade, com a necessidade de maximizar o âmbito da liberdade individual e minimizar o proposito da autoridade pública.[15] Os libertários de direita normalmente veem o Estado como a principal ameaça à liberdade. Este anti-estatismo difere das doutrinas anarquistas na medida em que se tem na base um individualismo intransigente que coloca pouca ou nenhuma ênfase na sociabilidade ou cooperação humana.[16][15][17] A filosofia libertária de direita também está enraizada nas ideias de direitos individuais e economia do laissez-faire. A teoria dos direitos individuais da direita libertaria geralmente segue o princípio da apropriação original e a teoria da propriedade do trabalho, enfatizando a autopropriedade, como também dando a importância que as pessoas têm um direito absoluto à propriedade que seu trabalho produz.[15] Em termos economicos, os libertários de direita encaram qualquer tentativa de modificar o sistema de mercado como prejudicial e negativo, reforçando os mecanismos e a natureza auto-reguladora do mercado enquanto retratam a intervenção governamental e as tentativas de redistribuir a riqueza como invariavelmente dispensáveis e contraditórios.[15] Embora todos os libertários de direita se oponham à intervenção governamental, há uma divisão entre os anarcocapitalistas, que veem o estado como um mal desnecessário e querem que os direitos de propriedade não sejam protegidos por lei conforme os estatuos, mas sim através de responsabilidades civis gerada pelo mercado, contratos e leis de propriedade privada; e minarquistas, que defendem a necessidade de um estado mínimo, muitas vezes referido como um Estado Guarda-Noturno, para fornecer aos seus cidadãos os tribunais, as forças armadas e a polícia.[18]

Parte da série sobre o
Capitalismo

Embora influenciado pelo pensamento liberal clássico, e com autores vendo o libertarianismo de direita como uma consequência ou uma variante dele,[19] existem na realidade diferenças significativas. Edwin Van de Haar argumenta que "confusamente, nos Estados Unidos o termo libertarianismo às vezes também é usado por liberais clássicos. Mas isso equivocadamente mascara as diferenças entre os dois."[20] O liberalismo clássico se recusa a dar prioridade à liberdade sobre a ordem e, portanto, não exibe a hostilidade e antipatia ao estado, essa do qual é a característica definidora do libertarianismo.[15] Como também, libertários de direita acreditam que os liberais clássicos apresentam ainda muito envolvimento com o Estado,[21] argumentando que eles não têm respeito suficiente pelos direitos de propriedade individual e não possuem confiança suficiente no funcionamento do livre mercado e à sua ordem espontânea, levando a consequência da existência de um Estado muito maior.[21] Também se é discordado por os liberais clássicos sustentarem demais os bancos centrais e as políticas monetaristas.[22]

Como em todas as variedades do libertarianismo, os libertários de direita referem-se a si mesmos simplesmente como libertários.[16][18][8] Como sendo o tipo mais comum de libertarianismo nos Estados Unidos,[23] desde o século 20 o libertarianismo de direita tornou-se a referencia mais comum do termo libertario,[24][25] no entanto, quanto à historia e em outros lugares do mundo[26][27][28][29][30][31] continua a ser amplamente usado para se referir a formas anti-estatais de socialismo, como o anarquismo,[32][33][34][35] bem como o comunismo libertário / marxismo libertário e o libertário socialismo.[26][36] Na época de Murray Rothbard, que popularizou o termo libertário nos Estados Unidos durante a década de 1960, os movimentos anarcocapitalistas começaram a se autodenominar libertários, levando ao surgimento do termo libertário de direita para distingui-los. O próprio Rothbard reconheceu a cooptação do termo e se gabou da "captura [...] do inimigo".[26]

  1. ↑ van der Vossen, Bas (2022). Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri, eds. «Libertarianism». Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Consultado em 15 de janeiro de 2023 
  2. ↑ Goodway, David (1 de janeiro de 2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward (em inglês). [S.l.]: Liverpool University Press 
  3. ↑ Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces laissez-faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order".
  4. ↑ Miller, Wilbur R. (10 de agosto de 2012). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: A-De (em inglês). [S.l.]: SAGE 
  5. ↑ Wündisch, Joachim (2014). Towards a right-libertarian welfare state an analysis of right-libertarian principles and their implications. Münster: [s.n.] OCLC 880518754 
  6. ↑ Reiman, Jeffrey H. (2005). «The Fallacy of Libertarian Capitalism». Ethics. 10 (1): 85–95. JSTOR 2380706. doi:10.1086/292300 
  7. ↑ a b c Rothbard, Murray (1 March 1971). "The Left and Right Within Libertarianism". WIN: Peace and Freedom Through Nonviolent Action. 7 (4): 6–10. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  8. ↑ a b Newman 2010, p. 53 "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all.
  9. ↑ Kymlicka 2005, p. 516Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land."
  10. ↑ Francis, Mark (1 de dezembro de 1983). «Human Rights and Libertarians». Australian Journal of Politics & History. 29 (3): 462–472. ISSN 0004-9522. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x 
  11. ↑ Vallentyne 2007, p. 6"The best-known versions of libertarianism are right-libertarian theories, which hold that agents have a very strong moral power to acquire full private property rights in external things. Left-libertarians, by contrast, holds that natural resources (e.g., space, land, minerals, air, and water) belong to everyone in some egalitarian manner and thus cannot be appropriated without the consent of, or significant payment to, the members of society."
  12. ↑ Hamowy, Ronald (2008). The encyclopedia of libertarianism. Cato Institute. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. pp. 351–353. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. OCLC 233969448 
  13. ↑ Sterba, James P. (October 1994). "From Liberty to Welfare". Ethics. Cambridge: Blackwell. 105 (1): 237–241.
  14. ↑ Baradat, Leon P. (2016). Political ideologies : their origins and impact Eleventh edition ed. London: [s.n.] OCLC 925332732 
  15. ↑ a b c d e Heywood 2004, p. 337.
  16. ↑ a b Goodway, David (2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism', and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Rothbard and Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition".
  17. ↑ Newman 2010, p. 43: "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in a laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all."
  18. ↑ a b Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces laissez-faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order".
  19. ↑ Goodman, John C. (20 December 2005). "What Is Classical Liberalism?". National Center for Policy Analysis. Retrieved 26 June 2019. Arquivado em 9 março 2009 no Wayback Machine.
  20. ↑ Haar, Edwin van de (2015). Degrees of freedom : liberal political philosophy and ideology. New Brunswick (USA): [s.n.] p. 71. ISBN 9781412855754. OCLC 894938253 
  21. ↑ a b Van de Haar 2015, p. 42.
  22. ↑ Haar, Edwin van de (2015). Degrees of freedom : liberal political philosophy and ideology. New Brunswick (USA): [s.n.] p. 43. ISBN 9781412855754. OCLC 894938253 
  23. ↑ Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1006. ISBN 1412988764.
  24. ↑ Beltrán, Miquel (1989). «Libertarismo y deber. Una reflexión sobre la ética de Nozick» [Libertarianism and duty. A reflection on Nozick's ethics]. Revista de ciencias sociales (em espanhol). 91: 123–128. ISSN 0210-0223 
  25. ↑ Vallentyne, Peter (20 July 2010). "Libertarianism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
  26. ↑ a b c Rothbard, Murray (2022) [2007]. Betrayal of the american right [A Traição da Direita Americana] 1ª ed ed. [S.l.]: Konkin. p. 128. ISBN 978-65-00-52288-4. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 9 de setembro de 2022. Um aspecto gratificante de nossa ascensão a alguma proeminência é que, pela primeira vez em minha memória, nós, “o nosso lado”, capturamos uma palavra crucial do inimigo. (...) “Libertários”, em contraste, há muito era simplesmente uma palavra educada para anarquistas de esquerda, isto é, para anarquistas antipropriedade privada, seja da variedade comunista ou da sindicalista. Mas agora nós a havíamos assumido, e mais apropriadamente do ponto de vista da etimologia; 
  27. ↑ Bookchin, Murray (January 1986). "The Greening of Politics: Toward a New Kind of Political Practice". Green Perspectives: Newsletter of the Green Program Project (1). "We have permitted cynical political reactionaries and the spokesmen of large corporations to pre-empt these basic libertarian American ideals. We have permitted them not only to become the specious voice of these ideals such that individualism has been used to justify egotism; the pursuit of happiness to justify greed, and even our emphasis on local and regional autonomy has been used to justify parochialism, insularism, and exclusivity—often against ethnic minorities and so-called deviant individuals. We have even permitted these reactionaries to stake out a claim to the word libertarian, a word, in fact, that was literally devised in the 1890s in France by Elisée Reclus as a substitute for the word anarchist, which the government had rendered an illegal expression for identifying one's views. The propertarians, in effect—acolytes of Ayn Rand, the earth mother of greed, egotism, and the virtues of property—have appropriated expressions and traditions that should have been expressed by radicals but were willfully neglected because of the lure of European and Asian traditions of socialism, socialisms that are now entering into decline in the very countries in which they originated".
  28. ↑ Nettlau, Max (1996). A Short History of Anarchism (em inglês). London: Freedom Press. ISBN 978-0900384899. OCLC 37529250 
  29. ↑ Fernandez, Frank (2001). Cuban Anarchism. The History of a Movement. Sharp Press. p. 9. "Thus, in the United States, the once exceedingly useful term "libertarian" has been hijacked by egotists who are in fact enemies of liberty in the full sense of the word."
  30. ↑ "The Week Online Interviews Chomsky". Z Magazine. 23 February 2002. "The term libertarian as used in the US means something quite different from what it meant historically and still means in the rest of the world. Historically, the libertarian movement has been the anti-statist wing of the socialist movement. In the US, which is a society much more dominated by business, the term has a different meaning. It means eliminating or reducing state controls, mainly controls over private tyrannies. Libertarians in the US don't say let's get rid of corporations. It is a sort of ultra-rightism."
  31. ↑ Ward, Colin (2004). Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 62. "For a century, anarchists have used the word 'libertarian' as a synonym for 'anarchist', both as a noun and an adjective. The celebrated anarchist journal Le Libertaire was founded in 1896. However, much more recently the word has been appropriated by various American free-market philosophers."
  32. ↑ Graham, ed. (2005). Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas. 1. Montreal: Black Rose Books 
  33. ↑ Marshall, Peter (2009). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. p. 641. "The word 'libertarian' has long been associated with anarchism and has been used repeatedly throughout this work. The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will; in this sense, Godwin was not a 'libertarian', but a 'necessitarian'. It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general. In anarchist circles, it was first used by Joseph Déjacque as the title of his anarchist journal Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social published in New York in 1858. At the end of the last century, the anarchist Sebastien Faure took up the word, to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists".
  34. ↑ The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective (11 December 2008). "150 years of Libertarian". Anarchist Writers. The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  35. ↑ The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective (17 May 2017). "160 years of Libertarian". Anarchist Writers. Anarchist FAQ. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  36. ↑ Marshall, Peter (2009). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. p. 641. "For a long time, libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchism but in recent years, its meaning has become more ambivalent. Some anarchists like Daniel Guérin will call themselves 'libertarian socialists', partly to avoid the negative overtones still associated with anarchism, and partly to stress the place of anarchism within the socialist tradition. Even Marxists of the New Left like E. P. Thompson call themselves 'libertarian' to distinguish themselves from those authoritarian socialists and communists who believe in revolutionary dictatorship and vanguard parties."

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