Etanol

Etanol
	etanol
Drugi nazivi	etil alkohol; hidroksietan; alkohol za piće; etil hidrat
Identifikacija
CAS registarski broj	64-17-5
MeSH	Ethanol
RTECS registarski broj toksičnosti	KQ6300000
Jmol-3D slike	Slika 1
SMILES
	CCO
InChI
	InChI=1S/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3 ; Kod: LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Svojstva
Molekulska formula	CH3CH2OH
Molarna masa	46.06844(232) g/mol
Agregatno stanje	bezbojna bistra tečnost
Gustina	0.789 g/cm³, tečnost
Tačka topljenja	−114.3 °C (158.8 K)
Tačka ključanja	78.4 °C (351.6 K)
Rastvorljivost u vodi	potpuna
pKa	15.9 (H2O), 29.8 (DMSO)
Viskoznost	1.200 mPa·s na 20.0 °C
Dipolni moment	5.64 fC·fm (1.69 D) (gas)
Фармакологија
АТЦ	D08AX08
DrugBank	DB00898
Bioraspoloživost	Varijabilna
Načini upotrebe	oralno; ponekad: supozitorno, inhalaciono, okularno, insuflaciono, injekcijom
Metabolizam	Hepatički enzim alkohol dehidrogenaza
Vreme polu-uklanjanja iz organizma	konstantna brzina eliminacije
Načini upotrebe	Urin, putem daha, perspiracije, suza, mleka, pljuvačke, žuči
Kategorija; trudnoće
Zavisnost	Umereno
Opasnost
EU-klasifikacija	Zapaljiv (F)
NFPA 704	3 2 1
R-oznake	R11
S-oznake	S2, S7, S16
Tačka paljenja	286.15 K (13 °C ili 55.4 °F)
Srodna jedinjenja
	; ; Ukoliko nije drugačije napomenuto, podaci se odnose na standardno stanje (25 °C, 100 kPa) materijala
	Infobox references

Etanol ili etil alkohol, alkohol, žesta, špirit, špiritus, je popularno ime za organski spoj iz grupe alkohola. Pojavljuje se kao bezbojna tekućina ugodnog mirisa.^[10] Ime mu dolazi od arapske riječi al-kuhl, što znači prašak za bojanje očnih kapaka. Proizvodi se najčešće iz škrobnih i šećernih sirovina vrenjem uz pomoć kvasca. Etanol je glavni alkohol u alkoholnim pićima, proizvedenom fermentacijom šećera posredstvom kvasca. On je neurotoksična^[11]^[12] psihoaktivna materija i jedna od najstarijih rekreacionih droga. On može da uzrokuje alkoholnu intoksikaciju kad se konzumira u prekomernoj količini.

Upotrebljava se za kao otapalo i sredstvo za ekstrakciju, za dezinfekciju,^[13] za konzerviranje i pri proizvodnji alkoholnih pića. Služi kao polazna sirovina za cijeli niz kemikalija. Opća formula alkohola je R-O H, dakle hidroksilna skupina O H, vezana na alkan tj. lanac ugljikovodika. Sličnu strukturu imaju karboksilne kiseline koje se dobivaju oksidacijom alkohola. Hidroksilna skupina (funkcijska skupina) se sastoji od jednog atoma vodika i jednog atoma kisika, prema tome je jednovalentna. Zato i lanac na koji se skupina vezuje mora biti jednovalentan. Tako će npr. sažeta strukturna formula etanola biti CH₃-CH₂-OH.

↑ „Ethanol – Compound Summary”. The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
↑ Ballinger, P., Long, F.A.; Long (1960). „Acid Ionization Constants of Alcohols. II. Acidities of Some Substituted Methanols and Related Compounds1,2”. Journal of the American Chemical Society 82 (4): 795–798. DOI:10.1021/ja01489a008. ISSN 0002-7863.
↑ Arnett, E.M., Venkatasubramaniam, K.G.; Venkatasubramaniam (1983). „Thermochemical acidities in three superbase systems”. J. Org. Chem. 48 (10): 1569–1578. DOI:10.1021/jo00158a001.
↑ González, Begoña; Calvar, Noelia; Gómez, Elena; Domínguez, Ángeles (2007). „Density, dynamic viscosity, and derived properties of binary mixtures of methanol or ethanol with water, ethyl acetate, and methyl acetate at T = (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K”. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 39 (12): 1578–1588. DOI:10.1016/j.jct.2007.05.004.
↑ Swift, Robert (December 2003). „Direct measurement of alcohol and its metabolites”. Addiction 98: 73–80. DOI:10.1046/j.1359-6357.2003.00605.x. PMID 14984244. Pristupljeno 26 March 2015.
↑ ^6,0 ^6,1 Becker, CE (2013-08-12). „The Clinical Pharmacology of Alcohol”. California Medicine (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) 113 (3): 37–45. PMC 1501558. PMID 5457514.
↑ Stogner, John M.; Eassey, John M.; Baldwin, Julie Marie; Miller, Bryan Lee (September 2014). „Innovative alcohol use: Assessing the prevalence of alcohol without liquid and other non-oral routes of alcohol administration”. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 142: 74–78. DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.026. PMID 25012895. Pristupljeno 26 March 2015.
↑ Gilman, Jodi M; Ramchandani, Vijay A; Crouss, Tess; Hommer, Daniel W (28 September 2011). „Subjective and Neural Responses to Intravenous Alcohol in Young Adults with Light and Heavy Drinking Patterns”. Neuropsychopharmacology 37 (2): 467–477. DOI:10.1038/npp.2011.206. PMID 21956438. Pristupljeno 26 March 2015.
↑ WHO Expert Committee on Problems Related to Alcohol Consumption : second report.. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2007. str. 23. ISBN 9789241209441. Pristupljeno 3 March 2015. »...alcohol dependence (is) a substantial risk of regular heavy drinking...«
↑ Clayden Jonathan, Nick Greeves, Stuart Warren, Peter Wothers (2001). Organic chemistry. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850346-6.
↑ „10th Special Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Health: Highlights from Current Research”. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. June 2000. str. 134. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2016-02-21. Pristupljeno 21 October 2014. »The brain is a major target for the actions of alcohol, and heavy alcohol consumption has long been associated with brain damage. Studies clearly indicate that alcohol is neurotoxic, with direct effects on nerve cells. Chronic alcohol abusers are at additional risk for brain injury from related causes, such as poor nutrition, liver disease, and head trauma.«
↑ DOI:10.3390/ijerph7041540
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand
↑ McDonnell G, Russell AD; Russell (1999). „Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance”. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12 (1): 147–79. PMC 88911. PMID 9880479.

[Pubchem-1] „Ethanol – Compound Summary”. The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information.

[2] Ballinger, P., Long, F.A.; Long (1960). „Acid Ionization Constants of Alcohols. II. Acidities of Some Substituted Methanols and Related Compounds1,2”. Journal of the American Chemical Society 82 (4): 795–798. DOI:10.1021/ja01489a008. ISSN 0002-7863.

[3] Arnett, E.M., Venkatasubramaniam, K.G.; Venkatasubramaniam (1983). „Thermochemical acidities in three superbase systems”. J. Org. Chem. 48 (10): 1569–1578. DOI:10.1021/jo00158a001.

[4] González, Begoña; Calvar, Noelia; Gómez, Elena; Domínguez, Ángeles (2007). „Density, dynamic viscosity, and derived properties of binary mixtures of methanol or ethanol with water, ethyl acetate, and methyl acetate at T = (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K”. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 39 (12): 1578–1588. DOI:10.1016/j.jct.2007.05.004.

[5] Swift, Robert (December 2003). „Direct measurement of alcohol and its metabolites”. Addiction 98: 73–80. DOI:10.1046/j.1359-6357.2003.00605.x. PMID 14984244. Pristupljeno 26 March 2015.

[pmid5457514-6] 6,0 ^6,1 Becker, CE (2013-08-12). „The Clinical Pharmacology of Alcohol”. California Medicine (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) 113 (3): 37–45. PMC 1501558. PMID 5457514.

[7] Stogner, John M.; Eassey, John M.; Baldwin, Julie Marie; Miller, Bryan Lee (September 2014). „Innovative alcohol use: Assessing the prevalence of alcohol without liquid and other non-oral routes of alcohol administration”. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 142: 74–78. DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.026. PMID 25012895. Pristupljeno 26 March 2015.

[8] Gilman, Jodi M; Ramchandani, Vijay A; Crouss, Tess; Hommer, Daniel W (28 September 2011). „Subjective and Neural Responses to Intravenous Alcohol in Young Adults with Light and Heavy Drinking Patterns”. Neuropsychopharmacology 37 (2): 467–477. DOI:10.1038/npp.2011.206. PMID 21956438. Pristupljeno 26 March 2015.

[9] WHO Expert Committee on Problems Related to Alcohol Consumption : second report.. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2007. str. 23. ISBN 9789241209441. Pristupljeno 3 March 2015. »...alcohol dependence (is) a substantial risk of regular heavy drinking...«

[10] Clayden Jonathan, Nick Greeves, Stuart Warren, Peter Wothers (2001). Organic chemistry. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850346-6.

[11] „10th Special Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Health: Highlights from Current Research”. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. June 2000. str. 134. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2016-02-21. Pristupljeno 21 October 2014. »The brain is a major target for the actions of alcohol, and heavy alcohol consumption has long been associated with brain damage. Studies clearly indicate that alcohol is neurotoxic, with direct effects on nerve cells. Chronic alcohol abusers are at additional risk for brain injury from related causes, such as poor nutrition, liver disease, and head trauma.«

[12] DOI:10.3390/ijerph7041540
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand

[13] McDonnell G, Russell AD; Russell (1999). „Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance”. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12 (1): 147–79. PMC 88911. PMID 9880479.

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