China

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People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó
Flag National Emblem
Anthem:  "" 义勇军进行曲
Area controlled by the People's Republic of China shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.
Capital	Beijing[a] 39°55′N 116°23′E / 39.917°N 116.383°E / 39.917; 116.383
Largest city	Shanghai[1]
Official languages	Standard Chinese[2][b]
Official written language	Vernacular Chinese
Official script	Simplified Chinese[2]
Ethnic groups	91.51% Han[3] 55 minorities[c] 1.30% Zhuang 0.86% Manchu 0.79% Uyghur 0.79% Hui 0.72% Miao 0.65% Yi 0.62% Tujia 0.47% Mongol 0.44% Tibetan 0.26% Buyei 0.15% Korean 1.05% others
Demonym(s)	Chinese
Government	Socialist, Single-party state[4]
• Party General Secretary and President	Xi Jinping[d]
• Premier	Li Qiang
• Congress Chairman	Zhang Dejiang
• Conference Chairman	Yu Zhengsheng
• First-ranked Secretary of the Secretariat	Liu Yunshan
• Secretary of Discipline Inspection Commission	Wang Qishan
• First Vice Premier	Zhang Gaoli
Legislature	National People's Congress
Formation
• First Unification of China under the Qin Dynasty	221 BCE
• Republic established	1 January 1912
• People's Republic proclaimed	1 October 1949
Area
• Total	9,596,961 km2 (3,705,407 sq mi)[e] (3rd/4th)
• Water (%)	0.28%[f]
Population
• 2016 estimate	1,403,500,365[9] (1st)
• 2010[11] census	1,339,724,852[10] (1st)
• Density	139.6/km2 (361.6/sq mi) (83rd)
GDP (PPP)	2019 estimate
• Total	$27.449 trillion[12] (1st)
• Per capita	$19,559[12] (79th)
GDP (nominal)	2019 estimate
• Total	$15.543 trillion (IMF)[12] $15.224 trillion (China NBS)[13][14] (2nd)
• Per capita	$11,074[12] (70th)
Gini (2015)	46.2[15][16] high
HDI (2017)	0.752[17] high · 86th
Currency	Renminbi (yuan)(¥)[g] (CNY)
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard Time)
Date format	yyyy-mm-dd or yyyy年m月d日 (CE; CE-1949)
Driving side	right[h]
Calling code	+86
ISO 3166 code	CN
Internet TLD	.cn .中國 .中国

China
Traditional Chinese	中國
Simplified Chinese	中国
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Bopomofo ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Jong gwo Wade–Giles Chung1kuo2 Tongyong Pinyin Jhong1guo2 MPS2 Jung1guo2 IPA [ʈʂʊ́ŋkwǒ] other Mandarin Xiao'erjing ﺟْﻮ ﻗُﻮَع Wu Romanization Tson平kueh入 Gan Romanization Tung-koe̍t Xiang IPA [tan55kua13] Hakka Romanization Dung24Gued2 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Jūnggwok Jyutping Zung1gwok3 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tiong-kok Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Dṳ̆ng-guók (help·info)

China (simplified Chinese: 中国; traditional Chinese: 中國 Pinyin: Zhōngguó) is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and a nation in East Asia. The official name is People's Republic of China or PRC.

The last Chinese Civil War (1927–1949) resulted in two different political powers today:

• The Republic of China (ROC) (since 1911), commonly known as China since 1 January, 1911 to 25 October, 1971. Now commonly known as Taiwan, has control over the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu.
• The People's Republic of China (PRC) (since 1949), commonly known as China, has control over mainland China and the largely self-governing territories of Hong Kong (since 1997) and Macau (since 1999).

China is one of the world's oldest civilizations: it has the oldest continuous civilization near the Yellow River region.^[18] There is archaeological evidence over 5,000 years old.^[19] China also has one of the world's oldest writing systems (and the oldest in use today). China has been the source of many major inventions.^[19] Geographically, China’s longest river is the Yangtze River which runs through mega cities and is home to many species. It is the world’s third longest river.
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1. ↑ Chan, Kam Wing (2007). "Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications" (PDF). Eurasian Geography and Economics. 48 (4): 395. doi:10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383. S2CID 153676671. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)". Chinese Government. 31 October 2000. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013. For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters.
3. ↑ "Tabulation of the 2010 Census of the People's Republic of China". China Statistics Press.
4. ↑ "Constitution of the People's Republic of China". The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
5. ↑ ""New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China"". Archived from the original on 2012-11-16.. RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
6. ↑ "Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density" (PDF). UN Statistics. 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
7. ↑ "China". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
8. ↑ "CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
9. ↑ "United Nations world population prospects"(PDF) 2015 revision
10. ↑ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census (No. 1)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
11. ↑ "Population density (people per km² of land area)". IMF. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3} "IMF report for China". IMF. October 2019.
13. ↑ "Xinhua Headlines: Chinese economy powering ahead, fulfilling 2018 targets". Xinhuanet News. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
14. ↑ "National Economic Performance Maintained within an Appropriate Range in 2018 with Main Development Goals Achieved". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
15. ↑ "Income inequality in today's China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-08-31.
16. ↑ "Rich-poor gap widens: study". Global Times.
17. ↑ "2014 Human Development Report Summary" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 21–25. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
18. ↑ "What Is a Culture?". Archived from the original on 2012-11-16. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2006-09-02 suggested (help)
19. ↑ ^{19.0 19.1} Haggett, Peter (2002). Encyclopedia of World Geography. Marshall Cavendish. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7614-7289-6.