Heroin

Heroin
Clinical data
Pronunciation	Heroin: /ˈhɛroʊɪn/
Synonyms	Diacetylmorphine, acetomorphine, (dual) acetylated morphine, morphine diacetate, Diamorphine (BAN UK)
AHFS/Drugs.com	heroin
Dependence; liability	High
Addiction; liability	High
Routes of; administration	Intravenous, inhalation, transmucosal, by mouth, intranasal, rectal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intrathecal
Drug class	Opioid
ATC code	N07BC06 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S9 (Prohibited substance) ; CA: Schedule I ; DE: Anlage I, II and III ; NZ: Class A ; UK: Class A ; US: Schedule I ; UN: Narcotic Schedules I and IV ;
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	<35% (by mouth), 44–61% (inhaled)
Protein binding	0% (morphine metabolite 35%)
Metabolism	Liver
Onset of action	Within minutes
Elimination half-life	2–3 minutes
Duration of action	4 to 5 hours
Excretion	90% kidney as glucuronides, rest biliary
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (5α,6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol diacetate;
CAS Number	561-27-3 ; HCl: 1502-95-0 ;
PubChem CID	5462328;
DrugBank	DB01452 ;
ChemSpider	4575379 ;
UNII	70D95007SX; HCl: 8H672SHT8E ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:27808 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL459324 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.008.380
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C21H23NO5
Molar mass	369.42 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES CC(OC1=C(O[C@@H]2[C@]34CCN(C)[C@@H]([C@@H]4C=C[C@@H]2OC(C)=O)C5)C3=C5C=C1)=O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C21H23NO5/c1-11(23)25-16-6-4-13-10-15-14-5-7-17(26-12(2)24)20-21(14,8-9-22(15)3)18(13)19(16)27-20/h4-7,14-15,17,20H,8-10H2,1-3H3/t14-,15+,17-,20-,21-/m0/s1 ; Key:GVGLGOZIDCSQPN-PVHGPHFFSA-N ;
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Heroin is a drug. It is also known as Diacetylmorphine or Diamorphine. Heroin was originally a trade name. It is an opioid - a type of drug which acts like morphine in the body. Heroin is called a semi-synthetic opioid. This means it is made from an opiate that occurs in nature. For Heroin, that natural opiate is morphine.

Heroin is a white or brown powder made from the sap of the poppy plant. It is a painkiller. A painkiller is an analgesic drug. Its effects are like the other drugs that come from the poppy plant sap. In some types of poppy, such as Papaver somniferum, these include opium and morphine.

People smoke or inject heroin to get a calm feeling of relaxation. It is commonly known as "being high". The extreme happiness is known as euphoria. Heroin is a very addictive drug. This means that if a person starts taking heroin, they will want to take more and more. In some cases, they will want to continue even when they know it is making them sick and harming them. Heroin is an illegal drug in many countries, unless it is used to treat a medical problem.

Drugs like cocaine, marijuana, and heroin have been decriminalized in numerous countries. To date, these include somewhere between 25 and 30 countries.

↑ Bonewit-West, Kathy; Hunt, Sue A.; Applegate, Edith (2012). Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571. ISBN 978-1-4557-0150-6.
↑ "Heroin". Drugs.com. 18 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
↑ Sweetman SC, ed. (2009). Martindale: the complete drug reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1.
↑ Rook EJ; van Ree JM; van den Brink W; Hillebrand MJ; Huitema AD; Hendriks VM; Beijnen JH (January 2006). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high doses of pharmaceutically prepared heroin, by intravenous or by inhalation route in opioid-dependent patients". Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 98 (1): 86–96. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_233.x. PMID 16433897.
↑ Riviello, Ralph (2010). Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7637-4462-5. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
↑ "Diamorphine Hydrochloride Injection 30 mg – Summary of Product Characteristics". electronic Medicines Compendium. ViroPharma Limited. 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
↑ Field, John M.; Kudenchuk, Peter J.; O'Connor, Robert; VandenHoek, Terry (2012). The Textbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care and CPR. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 447. ISBN 978-1-4698-0162-9. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.

[1] Bonewit-West, Kathy; Hunt, Sue A.; Applegate, Edith (2012). Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571. ISBN 978-1-4557-0150-6.

[Drugs2014-2] "Heroin". Drugs.com. 18 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.

[Martindale36-3] Sweetman SC, ed. (2009). Martindale: the complete drug reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1.

[pmid16433897-4] Rook EJ; van Ree JM; van den Brink W; Hillebrand MJ; Huitema AD; Hendriks VM; Beijnen JH (January 2006). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high doses of pharmaceutically prepared heroin, by intravenous or by inhalation route in opioid-dependent patients". Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 98 (1): 86–96. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_233.x. PMID 16433897.

[5] Riviello, Ralph (2010). Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7637-4462-5. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.

[EMC-6] "Diamorphine Hydrochloride Injection 30 mg – Summary of Product Characteristics". electronic Medicines Compendium. ViroPharma Limited. 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.

[7] Field, John M.; Kudenchuk, Peter J.; O'Connor, Robert; VandenHoek, Terry (2012). The Textbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care and CPR. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 447. ISBN 978-1-4698-0162-9. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.

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