Transspolnost

Transspolnost (angleško transgender) je krovni izraz za vse spolne identitete, ki temeljijo na neujemanju spolne identitete s spolom, ki je bil osebi pripisan ob rojstvu. Transspolnost zajema vse spolne identitete, ki so osnovane na posamezničnimi_kovi čutenji in doživljanji sebe in/ali preoblikovane v skladu z njimi. Latinska predpona trans- pomeni »preko«, »onkraj« ali »na drugi strani«. V Sloveniji za podporo transspolnim osebam in razvoj s transspolnostjo povezanih tem v slovenskem prostoru deluje Zavod Transfeministična iniciativa TransAkcija.

Transspolne osebe so osebe, ki se ne identificirajo s spolom, ki jim je bil pripisan ob rojstvu na podlagi njihovih genitalij. Transspolnost je nadpomenka, ki vsebuje celo vrsto različnih spolnih identitet. Nekatere transspolne osebe so ženske, nekatere moški, nekatere nebinarne osebe, nekatere spola sploh ne čutijo, se identificirajo z različnimi spoli ali pa se njihova spolna identiteta skozi čas spreminja. Ključna oseba okoliščina transspolnih oseb je spolna identiteta, ki se razlikuje od njihovega pripisanega spola.^[1][2][3] Transspolnim ljudjem družba in mediji velikokrat pravijo transseksualci, seveda pa se lahko posameznice_ki tako identificirajo. Transspolnost je tudi krovni termin: poleg trans moških in trans žensk lahko vključuje tudi ljudi, ki niso izključno moški ali ženske (npr. kvirsspolne, bispolne, panspolne, spolno fluidne ali aspolne osebe).^[2][4][5] Druge definicije transspolnosti vključujejo tudi ljudi, ki pripadajo tretjemu spolu, ali pa konceptualizirajo transspolne ljudi kot tretji spol.^[6][7] Včasih, a redkeje, pa se pojem transspolnosti definira tako široko, da vključuje tudi transvestite^[8] ne glede na njihovo spolno identiteto.

Transspolni ljudje so tisti, katerih spolna identiteta se ne ujema z njihovim dodeljenim spolom in imajo trajno željo spremembe spola (tranzicije spola), običajno z medicinsko pomočjo, kot sta hormonska nadomestna terapija ali operacija potrditve spola, da bi dosegli uskladitev svoje spolne identitete z biološkim spolom. Fizične tranzicije si ne želijo vse transspolne osebe, lahko pa jim je tudi nedosegljiva iz finančnih ali zdravstvenih razlogov.^[9][10] Izraz transseksualnost je podpomenka izraza transspolnost,^[11][12] nekateri transseksualci pa zavračajo oznako transspolnik.^{[13][navedi št.strani][14][15][16]} Če oseba čuti trajno in izrazito neskladje med občutenim in biološkim spolom, se lahko postavi medicinska diagnoza disforije spola.^[17] Disforijo spola doživljajo številni transspolni ljudje.^[9]

Biti transspolen je neodvisno od spolne usmerjenosti:^[18] transspolni ljudje se namreč lahko identificirajo kot heteroseksualni, homoseksualni, biseksualni, aseksualni itd., ali pa menijo, da so običajne oznake za spolno usmerjenost pomanjkljive ali neustrezne. Transspolnost se lahko tudi razlikuje od interspolnosti, ki opisuje ljudi, rojene s fizičnimi značilnostmi, "ki se ne prilegajo tipičnemu binarnemu pojmovanju moškega ali ženskega telesa".^[19]

Večina transspolnih ljudi se srečuje z diskriminacijo na delovnem mestu,^[20] v javnih okoliščinah^[4] in v zdravstvenem sistemu.^[21] V mnogih državah transspolni ljudje niso pravno zaščiteni pred diskriminacijo.^[22]

1. ↑ Altilio, Terry; Otis-Green, Shirley (2011). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Social Work. Oxford University Press. str. 380. ISBN 0199838275. Pridobljeno 12. aprila 2016. Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from the sex they were assigned at birth (Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation [GLAAD], 2007).
2. ↑ ^{2,0 2,1} Forsyth, Craig J.; Copes, Heith (2014). Encyclopedia of Social Deviance. Sage Publications. str. 740. ISBN 1483364690. Pridobljeno 12. aprila 2016. Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities, gender expressions, and/or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth.
3. ↑ Marla Berg-Weger (2016). Social Work and Social Welfare: An Invitation. Routledge. str. 229. ISBN 1317592026. Pridobljeno 12. aprila 2016. Transgender: An umbrella term that describes people whose gender identity or gender expression differs from expectations associated with the sex assigned to them at birth.
4. ↑ ^{4,0 4,1} Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation.
5. ↑ B Bilodeau, Beyond the gender binary: A case study of two transgender students at a Midwestern research university, in the Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education (2005): "Yet Jordan and Nick represent a segment of transgender communities that have largely been overlooked in transgender and student development research – individuals who express a non-binary construction of gender[.
6. ↑ Susan Stryker, Stephen Whittle, The Transgender Studies Reader (ISBN 1-135-39884-4), str. 666: "The authors note that, increasingly, in social science literature, the term "third gender" is being replaced by or conflated with the newer term "transgender."
7. ↑ Joan C. Chrisler, Donald R. McCreary, Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology, volume 1 (2010, ISBN 1-4419-1465-X), page 486: "Transgender is a broad term characterized by a challenge of traditional gender roles and gender identity[.
8. ↑ Reisner, Sari L.; Conron, Kerith; Mimiaga, Matthew J.; Haneuse, Sebastien; in sod. (2014). », Comparing in-person and online survey respondents in the US National Transgender Discrimination Survey: implications for transgender health research«. LGBT Health. 1 (2): 98–106. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018. Transgender was defined broadly to cover those who transition from one gender to another as well as those who may not choose to socially, medically, or legally fully transition, including cross-dressers, people who consider themselves to be genderqueer, androgynous, and ...
9. ↑ ^{9,0 9,1} Victoria Maizes, Integrative Women's Health (2015, ISBN 0190214805), page 745: "Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria—distress that results from the discordance of biological sex and experienced gender (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
10. ↑ »Understanding Transgender People FAQ«. National Center for Transgender Equality. 1. maj 2009. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 22. aprila 2016. Pridobljeno 20. aprila 2016.
11. ↑ Bevan, Thomas E. (2015). The psychobiology of transsexualism and transgenderism : a new view based on scientific evidence. Santa Barbara, California. str. 42. ISBN 978-1-4408-3126-3. OCLC 881721443. The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) ... . The term transgender was coined by John Oliven (1965) and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism. It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince (1976) popularized the term, but history shows that many transgender people advocated the use of this term much more than Prince. The adjective transgendered should not be used ... . Transsexuals constitute a subset of transgender people.
12. ↑ Alegria, Christine Aramburu (22. marec 2011). »Transgender identity and health care: Implications for psychosocial and physical evaluation«. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. Wiley. 23 (4): 175–182. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2010.00595.x. ISSN 1041-2972. PMID 21489011. S2CID 205909330. Transgender, Umbrella term for persons who do not conform to gender norms in their identity and/or behavior (Meyerowitz, 2002). Transsexual, Subset of transgenderism; persons who feel discordance between natal sex and identity (Meyerowitz, 2002).
13. ↑ Valentine, David (30. avgust 2007). Imagining Transgender. Duke University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv125jv36. ISBN 978-0-8223-9021-3.
14. ↑ Stryker, Susan; Whittle, Stephen (2006). The transgender studies reader. New York: Routledge. str. 1–17. ISBN 0-415-94708-1. OCLC 62782200.
15. ↑ Winters, Kelley; Karasic, Dan (2008). Gender madness in American psychiatry : essays from the struggle for dignity. Dillon, CO: GID Reform Advocates. str. 198. ISBN 978-1-4392-2388-8. OCLC 367582287. Some Transsexual individuals also identify with the broader transgender community; others do not.
16. ↑ »Transsexualism«. Gender Centre. Marec 2014. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 4. marca 2016. Pridobljeno 5. julija 2016. Transsexualism is often included within the broader term 'transgender', which is generally considered an umbrella term for people who do not conform to typically accepted gender roles for the sex they were assigned at birth. The term 'transgender' is a word employed by activists to encompass as many groups of gender diverse people as possible. However, many of these groups individually don't identify with the term. Many health clinics and services set up to serve gender variant communities employ the term, however most of the people using these services again don't identify with this term. The rejection of this political category by those that it is designed to cover clearly illustrates the difference between self-identification and categories that are imposed by observers to understand other people.
17. ↑ »ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics«. icd.who.int. Pridobljeno 27. oktobra 2022.
18. ↑ »Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality«. American Psychological Association. Pridobljeno 10. avgusta 2013.
19. ↑ »Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex« (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2015. Pridobljeno 28. marca 2016.
20. ↑ Lombardi, Emilia L.; Anne Wilchins, Riki; Priesing, Dana; Malouf, Diana. »Gender Violence: Transgender Experiences with Violence and Discrimination«. Journal of Homosexuality. 42 (1): 89–101. doi:10.1300/J082v42n01_05.
21. ↑ Judith Bradford, Sari L. Reisner, Julie A. Honnold, Jessica Xavier, Experiences of Transgender-Related Discrimination and Implications for Health: Results From the Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study, American Journal of Public Health, volume 103, issue 10 (October 2013)
22. ↑ Whittle, Stephen.