Arbil

Arbil
Arbil
	Shahar
	36°11′28″N 44°0′33″E / 36.19111°N 44.00917°E
Mamlakat	Iroq
Hukumat
• Hokim	Omed Khoshnaw
Avvalgi nomlari	Arbairā, Arbailu
Maydon	115 km2 (44 kv mi)
Markazi balandligi	390 m
Rasmiy til(lar)i	arabcha
Aholisi (2022)	1 612 700
Zichligi	10435 kishi/km2
Konfessiyaviy tarkib	Musulmonlar; xristianlar; va boshqalar;
Etnoxoronim	Hawleri
Vaqt mintaqasi	UTC+3
Telefon kodi	066
Pochta indeks(lar)i	44001
	Arbil

Arbil (arabcha: أربيل Arbīl,^[1], shuningdek Hawler (kurdcha: ھەولێر ,Hewlêr^[2] suryoniycha: ܐܲܪܒܹܝܠ,^[3] yoki Arbel, turkcha: Erbil)^[4] — Iroqning Kurdiston viloyati markazi va eng yirik shahri. Shuningdek tarixiy manbalarda shahar Arbel nomi bilan ham uchraydi.^[5] Bugungi kunga qadar shahar aholisini roʻyxatga olish oʻtkazilmagan va aholining aniq soni maʼlum emas. Shahar aholisining soni 1,600,000 atrofida deya taxmin etiladi^[6].

Miloddan avvalgi 5-mingyillikda Arbil hududiga odamlar kelib oʻrnasha boshlagan^[7]. Shahar markazida qadimiy Arbil qal’asi va Mudafariya minorasi joylashgan. Mintaqaga oid eng qadimgi tarixiy maʼlumot Shumerning uchinchi Ur sulolasi davriga toʻgʻri kelgan boʻlib, oʻshanda shoh Shulgi Urbilum shahri haqida taʼkidlagan. Keyinchalik shahar Ossuriya tomonidan bosib olingan^[8]^[9].

Gutiylar tomonidan bosib olingandan soʻng Arbil miloddan avvalgi XXI asrdan miloddan avvalgi VII asrning oxirigacha Ossuriya podsholigining ajralmas qismiga aylangan va Ossuriya yilnomalarida Urbilim, Arbela va Arba-ilu kabi turlicha nomlar bilan maʼlum boʻlgan. Shundan soʻng shahar bir qancha imperiyalar, shu jumladan, Midiya imperiyasi, Ahamoniylar davlati, Makedoniya imperiyasi, Salavkiylar davlati, Parfiya va Sosoniylar davlatining geosiyosiy ajralmas bir boʻlagi boʻlgan. Musulmonlar Forsni fath qilganidan soʻng, shahar endi eski mavqeini saqlab qola olmadi va oʻrta asrlarda Saljuqiylar imperiyasi va Usmonlilar imperiyasi tomonidan boshqarildi^[10].

Arbil arxeologiya muzeyida islomgacha boʻlgan asarlar, xususan Mesopotamiya sanʼatining katta kolleksiyasi mavjud boʻlib, ushbu yer mintaqadagi arxeologik loyihalar markazi hisoblanadi. Shahar Arab Turizm Kengashi tomonidan 2014-yilda Arab turizm poytaxti sifatida eʼlon qilingan^[11]. 2014-yil iyulda Arbil qal’asi Butunjahon merosi roʻyxatiga kiritilgan^[12].

↑ „أربيل“ (ar). Aljazeera. Qaraldi: 28-dekabr 2019-yil.
↑ „Hewlêr dixwaze Bexda paşekeftiya mûçeyan bide“ (ku). Qaraldi: 28-dekabr 2019-yil.
↑ „Search Entry“. www.assyrianlanguages.org. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 26-may.
↑ Khan, Geoffrey. A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel (en). BRILL, 1999 — 2 bet. ISBN 978-90-04-30504-5. „There are a number of variant forms of the name Arbel. The form Arbel, which is used throughout this book, is the Neo-Aramaic form of the name. The Arabic-speaking Jews of the town refer to it as Arbīl or Arwīl. In Classical Arabic sources it is known as Irbīl. The Kurds call it Hawler, which appears to have developed from the form Arbel by a series of metatheses of consonants. The name appears to be of non-Semitic origin. It is first found in cuneiform texts dating to the third millennium B.C., where it usually has the form Urbilum.“
↑ Danilovich, Alex. Federalism, Secession, and International Recognition Regime: Iraqi Kurdistan (en). Routledge, 2018-10-12. ISBN 9780429827655.
↑ https://all-populations.com/en/iq/population-of-erbil.html
↑ Novice, Karel (2008). „Research of the Arbil Citadel, Iraq, First Season“. Památky Archaeological. № XCIX. 259–302-bet.
↑ Villard 2001
↑ Hamblin, William J.. Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge, 2006 — 111 bet. ISBN 0-415-25589-9.
↑ Georges Roux — Ancient Iraq
↑ Erbil named 2014 Arab Tourism Capital (Wayback Machine saytida 8-iyul 2015-yil sanasida arxivlangan). Retrieved 30 January 2014
↑ "Erbil: Kurdish City, Arab Capital", Rudaw. Retrieved 30 January 2014

[1] „أربيل“ (ar). Aljazeera. Qaraldi: 28-dekabr 2019-yil.

[2] „Hewlêr dixwaze Bexda paşekeftiya mûçeyan bide“ (ku). Qaraldi: 28-dekabr 2019-yil.

[3] „Search Entry“. www.assyrianlanguages.org. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 26-may.

[4] Khan, Geoffrey. A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel (en). BRILL, 1999 — 2 bet. ISBN 978-90-04-30504-5. „There are a number of variant forms of the name Arbel. The form Arbel, which is used throughout this book, is the Neo-Aramaic form of the name. The Arabic-speaking Jews of the town refer to it as Arbīl or Arwīl. In Classical Arabic sources it is known as Irbīl. The Kurds call it Hawler, which appears to have developed from the form Arbel by a series of metatheses of consonants. The name appears to be of non-Semitic origin. It is first found in cuneiform texts dating to the third millennium B.C., where it usually has the form Urbilum.“

[5] Danilovich, Alex. Federalism, Secession, and International Recognition Regime: Iraqi Kurdistan (en). Routledge, 2018-10-12. ISBN 9780429827655.

[6] ttps://all-populations.com/en/iq/population-of-erbil.html

[Novice-7] Novice, Karel (2008). „Research of the Arbil Citadel, Iraq, First Season“. Památky Archaeological. № XCIX. 259–302-bet.

[villard-8] Villard 2001

[Hamblinʻ-9] Hamblin, William J.. Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge, 2006 — 111 bet. ISBN 0-415-25589-9.

[10] Georges Roux — Ancient Iraq

[11] Erbil named 2014 Arab Tourism Capital (Wayback Machine saytida 8-iyul 2015-yil sanasida arxivlangan). Retrieved 30 January 2014

[12] "Erbil: Kurdish City, Arab Capital", Rudaw. Retrieved 30 January 2014

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