Markaziy Osiyo

Markaziy Osiyo
Maydoni	4,003,451 km2
Aholisi	75,897,577 (2021)
Aholi zichligi	17.43/km2
Etnoxoronim	Markaziy Osiyolik
Davlatlar	Qozogʻiston Qirgʻiziston Tojikiston Turkmaniston O'zbekiston
Tillar	Dungan, koryo-mar, Moʻgʻul, qirgʻiz, qoraqalpoq, qozoq, rus, tojik, turkman, uygʻur, oʻzbek
Vaqt mintaqalari	UTC+05:00 UTC+06:00
Yuqori darajali internet domeni	.kg, .kz, .tj, .tm, .uz

Markaziy Osiyo — bu Osiyo qitʼasidagi sub-mintaqa boʻlib, janubi-gʻarbda Kaspiy dengizi va shimoli-gʻarbda Sharqiy Yevropadan sharqda Xitoy va Moʻgʻulistonga qadar, janubda Afgʻoniston va Erondan shimolda Rossiyaga qadar choʻzilgan.^[1] Mintaqa oʻz ichiga sobiq sovet davlatlari boʻlmish Qozogʻiston, Qirgʻiziston, Tojikiston, Turkmaniston va Oʻzbekistonni oladi. Ushbu besh respublika nomidagi oʻxshashliklar tufayli mintaqadan tashqarida (asosan Gʻarbda) mintaqa davlatlari umumiy tarzda '-stanʼ davlatlari deb ham yuritiladi.

Islomdan oldingi davrda va Islom dini mintaqaga kirib kelishi davrida (tahminan milodiy 1000-yil yoki undan oldin) Markaziy Osiyoda asosan eroniy tilda soʻzlashuvchi va madaniyatga ega boʻlgan xalqlar istiqomat qilgan^[2]^[3]. Hududda baqtriyaliklar, soʻgʻdlar, xorazmliklar va yarim-koʻchmanchi skiflar hamda dahlar yashagan. Turkiy xalqlarning koʻchib kelishi bilan Markaziy Osiyo asta-sekin oʻzbeklar, qozoqlar, tatarlar, turkmanlar, qirgʻizlar va uygʻurlar kabi turkiy xalqlarning vataniga aylandi. Tojikistonni istisno qilganda, hududda amal qilgan Eroniy tillar oʻrniga Turkiy tillar kirib keldi.

Tarixan Markaziy Osiyo Buyuk Ipak yoʻli bilan aloqador boʻlib, Yevropa va Uzoq Sharq orasida odamlar, tovarlar va gʻoyalar almashinuvi uchun chorraha vazifasini bajargan. Markaziy Osiyoning koʻpchilik davlatlari bugungi kunda ham dunyo iqtisodining muhim tarkibiy qismi hisoblanadi.^[4]^[5]

XIX asr oxirlaridan XX asr oxirigacha Markaziy Osiyo ruslar tomonidan mustamlakaga aylantirilgan. Hudud dastlab Rossiya imperiyasi, keyinchalik Sovet Ittifoqi tarkibiga kiritilgan boʻlib, bu ruslar va boshqa slavyan xalqlarining hududga koʻchib kelishiga sabab boʻldi. Bugungi kunda Markaziy Osiyoda kelib chiqishi Yevropalik boʻlgan koʻp sonli xalqlar mavjud boʻlib, ulardan asosiy qismi Qozogʻistonda istiqomat qiladi. Hududda 7 million ruslar, 500,000 ukrainlar va tahminan 170,000 nemislar yashaydi. Stalin davridagi majburiy koʻchirishlari sababli hudduda bugungi kunda 300,000 dan ortiq koreyslar ham istiqomat qiladi.^[6]

Markaziy Osiyoda tahminan 72 million kishi istiqomat qilib, ular beshta davlatga taqsimlangan: Qozogʻiston (19 million), Qirgʻiziston (7 million), Tojikiston (10 million), Turkmaniston (6 million) va Oʻzbekiston (35 million).^[7]

↑ „Central Asia“. Britannica. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 16-dekabr.
↑ Bosworth, C. E. (1990). „CENTRAL ASIA iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols“. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume V/2: C̆ehel Sotūn, Isfahan–Central Asia XIII. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 169–172. ISBN 978-0-939214-69-3. In early Islamic times Persians tended to identify all the lands to the northeast of Khorasan and lying beyond the Oxus with the region of Turan, which in the Šāh-nāma of Ferdowsī is regarded as the land allotted to Ferēdūnʼs son Tūr. The denizens of Tūrān were held to include the Turks, in the first four centuries of Islam essentially those nomadizing beyond the Jaxartes, and behind them the Chinese (see Kowalski; Minorsky, „Tūrān“). Tūrān thus became both an ethnic and a geographical term, but always containing ambiguities and contradictions, arising from the fact that all through Islamic times the lands immediately beyond the Oxus and along its lower reaches were the homes not of Turks but of Iranian peoples, such as the Sogdians and Khwarezmians.
↑ C.E. Bosworth „The Appearance of the Arabs in Central Asia under the Umayyads and the establishment of Islam“,. History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, Multiple History Series M. S. Asimov, C. E. Bosworth: . Paris: Motilal Banarsidass Publ./UNESCO Publishing, 1999 — 23 bet. „Central Asia in the early seventh century, was ethnically, still largely an Iranian land whose people used various Middle Iranian languages.“
↑ Phillips, Andrew; James, Paul (2013). „National Identity between Tradition and Reflexive Modernisation: The Contradictions of Central Asia"“. National Identities. № 3 (1). 23–35-bet. doi:10.1080/14608940020028475. „In Central Asia the collision of modernity and tradition led all but the most deracinated of the intellectuals-clerics to seek salvation in reconstituted variants of traditional identities rather than succumb to the modern European idea of nationalism. The inability of the elites to form a united front, as demonstrated in the numerous declarations of autonomy by different authorities during the Russian civil war, paved the way, in the early 1920s for the Soviet re-conquest of the Central Asia in the early 1920s“
↑ Frankopan, Peter. The Silk Roads: A New History of the World, First Vintage Books ed., New York: Vintage Books — xv–xvi bet. ISBN 978-1-101-94633-6..
↑ „Central Asia’s Koreans in Korea: There and (Mostly) Back Again“ (28 August 2019).
↑ "Demograficheskaya situatsiya" (PDF). Statistika qoʻmitasi. Qaraldi: 19-may, 2019-yil.

[1] „Central Asia“. Britannica. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 16-dekabr.

[:0-2] Bosworth, C. E. (1990). „CENTRAL ASIA iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols“. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume V/2: C̆ehel Sotūn, Isfahan–Central Asia XIII. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 169–172. ISBN 978-0-939214-69-3. In early Islamic times Persians tended to identify all the lands to the northeast of Khorasan and lying beyond the Oxus with the region of Turan, which in the Šāh-nāma of Ferdowsī is regarded as the land allotted to Ferēdūnʼs son Tūr. The denizens of Tūrān were held to include the Turks, in the first four centuries of Islam essentially those nomadizing beyond the Jaxartes, and behind them the Chinese (see Kowalski; Minorsky, „Tūrān“). Tūrān thus became both an ethnic and a geographical term, but always containing ambiguities and contradictions, arising from the fact that all through Islamic times the lands immediately beyond the Oxus and along its lower reaches were the homes not of Turks but of Iranian peoples, such as the Sogdians and Khwarezmians.

[3] C.E. Bosworth „The Appearance of the Arabs in Central Asia under the Umayyads and the establishment of Islam“,. History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, Multiple History Series M. S. Asimov, C. E. Bosworth: . Paris: Motilal Banarsidass Publ./UNESCO Publishing, 1999 — 23 bet. „Central Asia in the early seventh century, was ethnically, still largely an Iranian land whose people used various Middle Iranian languages.“

[4] Phillips, Andrew; James, Paul (2013). „National Identity between Tradition and Reflexive Modernisation: The Contradictions of Central Asia"“. National Identities. № 3 (1). 23–35-bet. doi:10.1080/14608940020028475. „In Central Asia the collision of modernity and tradition led all but the most deracinated of the intellectuals-clerics to seek salvation in reconstituted variants of traditional identities rather than succumb to the modern European idea of nationalism. The inability of the elites to form a united front, as demonstrated in the numerous declarations of autonomy by different authorities during the Russian civil war, paved the way, in the early 1920s for the Soviet re-conquest of the Central Asia in the early 1920s“

[5] Frankopan, Peter. The Silk Roads: A New History of the World, First Vintage Books ed., New York: Vintage Books — xv–xvi bet. ISBN 978-1-101-94633-6..

[6] „Central Asia’s Koreans in Korea: There and (Mostly) Back Again“ (28 August 2019).

[7] "Demograficheskaya situatsiya" (PDF). Statistika qoʻmitasi. Qaraldi: 19-may, 2019-yil.

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