Barbaria (region)

Barbaria was the name used by the ancient Greeks for littoral northeast Africa. The corresponding Arabic term, bilad al-Barbar (land of the Barbar), was used in the Middle Ages.^[1] The name of Barbaria is preserved today in the name of the Somali city of Berbera,^[1] the city known to the Greeks as Malao.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

^ ^a ^b Michael Peppard, "A Letter Concerning Boats in Berenike and Trade on the Red Sea", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 171 (2009), pp. 193–198.
^ David M. Goldenberg, "Geographia Rabbinica: The Toponym Barbaria", Journal of Jewish Studies 50, 1 (1999), pp. 67–69.
^ Chandra, S.; Jain, A. K. (1 January 2017). Foundations of Ethnobotany (21st Century Perspective). Scientific Publishers. p. 100. ISBN 978-93-87307-44-5.
^ Allen, James De Vere (1993). Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon. J. Currey. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-85255-075-5.
^ Society, Hakluyt (1980). The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-904180-05-3.

[Peppard-1] Michael Peppard, "A Letter Concerning Boats in Berenike and Trade on the Red Sea", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 171 (2009), pp. 193–198.

[DMG-2] David M. Goldenberg, "Geographia Rabbinica: The Toponym Barbaria", Journal of Jewish Studies 50, 1 (1999), pp. 67–69.

[3] Chandra, S.; Jain, A. K. (1 January 2017). Foundations of Ethnobotany (21st Century Perspective). Scientific Publishers. p. 100. ISBN 978-93-87307-44-5.

[4] Allen, James De Vere (1993). Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon. J. Currey. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-85255-075-5.

[5] Society, Hakluyt (1980). The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-904180-05-3.

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