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Bash (Unix shell)

Bash
Original author(s)Brian Fox
Developer(s)Chet Ramey[1][2]
Initial releaseJune 8, 1989 (1989-06-08)
Stable release
5.2.21[3] Edit this on Wikidata / 9 November 2023
Repository
Written inC
Operating system
PlatformGNU
Available inMultilingual (gettext)
TypeUnix shell, command language
LicenseSince 4.0: GPL-3.0-or-later[10]
1.11? to 3.2: GPL-2.0-or-later[11]
0.99? to 1.05?: GPL-1.0-or-later[12][13][14]
Websitewww.gnu.org/software/bash/ Edit this on Wikidata

Bash is a Unix shell and command language written by Brian Fox for the GNU Project as a free software replacement for the Bourne shell.[15][16] The shell's name is an acronym for Bourne-Again SHell, a pun on the name of the Bourne shell that it replaces[17] and the notion of being "born again".[18][19] First released in 1989,[20] it has been used as the default login shell for most Linux distributions and it was one of the first programs Linus Torvalds ported to Linux, alongside GCC.[21] It is available on nearly all modern operating systems.

Bash is a command processor that typically runs in a text window where the user types commands that cause actions. Bash can also read and execute commands from a file, called a shell script. Like most Unix shells, it supports filename globbing (wildcard matching), piping, here documents, command substitution, variables, and control structures for condition-testing and iteration. The keywords, syntax, dynamically scoped variables and other basic features of the language are all copied from sh. Other features, e.g., history, are copied from csh and ksh. Bash is a POSIX-compliant shell, but with a number of extensions.

A version is also available for Windows 10 and Windows 11 via the Windows Subsystem for Linux.[22][23] It is also the default user shell in Solaris 11.[24] Bash was also the default shell in BeOS,[7] and in versions of Apple macOS from 10.3 (originally, the default shell was tcsh) to 10.15 (macOS Catalina), which changed the default shell to zsh,[25] although Bash remains available as an alternative shell.[26]

A security hole in Bash dating from version 1.03 (August 1989),[27] dubbed Shellshock, was discovered in early September 2014 and quickly led to a range of attacks across the Internet.[28][29][30] Patches to fix the bugs were made available soon after the bugs were identified.

  1. ^ Hamilton, Naomi (May 30, 2008). "The A-Z of Programming Languages: BASH/Bourne-Again Shell". Computerworld. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
  2. ^ Ramey, Chet (April 20, 2021). "The GNU Bourne-Again Shell". Technology Infrastructure Services. Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
  3. ^ "bash-5.2.21.tar.gz". November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  4. ^ "Bash FAQ, version 4.14". Archived from the original on September 1, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  5. ^ "Missing source code - GPL compliance? · Issue #107 · Microsoft/WSL". GitHub. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  6. ^ "GNU Bash". Softpedia. SoftNews. January 23, 2010. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  7. ^ a b "A desktop alternative". Forbes.
  8. ^ "Appendix A: Using the BeOS Command Line Shell". testou.free.fr.
  9. ^ "Terminal".
  10. ^ GNU Project. "README file". Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2014. Bash is free software, distributed under the terms of the [GNU] General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 3 of the License (or any later version).
  11. ^ "bash-1.11". oldlinux.org. See test.c for GPL-2.0-or-later
  12. ^ "bash-1.05.tar". oldlinux.org.
  13. ^ "BashFAQ/061 - Greg's Wiki". mywiki.wooledge.org. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  14. ^ "Is there a way to download the presumably initial bash source bash-0.99?". unix.stackexchange.com.
  15. ^ Richard Stallman (forwarded with comments by Chet Ramey) (February 10, 1988). "GNU + BSD = ?". Newsgroup: comp.unix.questions. Usenet: 2362@mandrill.CWRU.Edu. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021. For a year and a half, the GNU shell was "just about done". The author made repeated promises to deliver what he had done, and never kept them. Finally I could no longer believe he would ever deliver anything. So Foundation staff member Brian Fox is now implementing an imitation of the Bourne shell.
  16. ^ Hamilton, Naomi (May 30, 2008), "The A-Z of Programming Languages: BASH/Bourne-Again Shell", Computerworld: 2, archived from the original on July 6, 2011, retrieved March 21, 2011, When Richard Stallman decided to create a full replacement for the then-encumbered Unix systems, he knew that he would eventually have to have replacements for all of the common utilities, especially the standard shell, and those replacements would have to have acceptable licensing. Original computerworld.com.au link is dead: see also copies of original material at readthedocs.io, computerworld.com.au and the University of South Carolina.
  17. ^ "I Almost Get a Linux Editor and Compiler". Dr. Dobb's. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  18. ^ Richard Stallman (November 12, 2010). "About the GNU Project". Free Software Foundation. Archived from the original on April 24, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2011. "Bourne Again Shell" is a play on the name Bourne Shell, which was the usual shell on Unix.
  19. ^ Gattol, Markus (March 13, 2011), Bourne-again Shell, archived from the original on March 9, 2011, retrieved March 13, 2011, The name is a pun on the name of the Bourne shell (sh), an early and important Unix shell written by Stephen Bourne and distributed with Version 7 Unix circa 1978, and the concept of being "born again".
  20. ^ Brian Fox (forwarded by Leonard H. Tower Jr.) (June 8, 1989). "Bash is in beta release!". Newsgroup: gnu.announce. Archived from the original on May 4, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
  21. ^ Torvalds, Linus Benedict (August 1991). "comp.os.minix". Retrieved September 6, 2009. I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work.
  22. ^ "How to install Bash shell command-line tool on Windows 10". September 28, 2016. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
  23. ^ Hoffman, Chris (July 30, 2021). "How to Install the Windows Subsystem for Linux on Windows 11". How-To Geek. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  24. ^ "User Environment Feature Changes". Oracle. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference zsh2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Hughes, Matthew (June 4, 2019). "Why does macOS Catalina use Zsh instead of Bash? Licensing". The Next Web. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  27. ^ Chazelas, Stephane (October 4, 2014). "oss-sec mailing list archives". Seclists.org. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  28. ^ Leyden, John (September 24, 2014). "Patch Bash NOW: 'Shell Shock' bug blasts OS X, Linux systems wide open". The Register. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  29. ^ Perlroth, Nicole (September 25, 2014). "Security Experts Expect 'Shellshock' Software Bug in Bash to Be Significant". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  30. ^ Seltzer, Larry (September 29, 2014). "Shellshock makes Heartbleed look insignificant". ZDNet. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016.

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