Behavioral epigenetics

Behavioral epigenetics is the field of study examining the role of epigenetics in shaping animal and human behavior.^[1] It seeks to explain how nurture shapes nature,^[2] where nature refers to biological heredity^[3] and nurture refers to virtually everything that occurs during the life-span (e.g., social-experience, diet and nutrition, and exposure to toxins).^[4] Behavioral epigenetics attempts to provide a framework for understanding how the expression of genes is influenced by experiences and the environment^[5] to produce individual differences in behaviour,^[6] cognition,^[2] personality,^[7] and mental health.^[8]^[9]

Epigenetic gene regulation involves changes other than to the sequence of DNA and includes changes to histones (proteins around which DNA is wrapped) and DNA methylation.^[10]^[4]^[11] These epigenetic changes can influence the growth of neurons in the developing brain^[12] as well as modify the activity of neurons in the adult brain.^[13]^[14] Together, these epigenetic changes in neuron structure and function can have a marked influence on an organism's behavior.^[1]

^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Miller_2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Powledge T (2011). "Behavioral epigenetics: How nurture shapes nature". BioScience. 61 (8): 588–592. doi:10.1525/bio.2011.61.8.4.
^ Kail RV, Barnfield A (2011). Children and Their Development, Second Canadian Edition with MyDevelopmentLab. Toronto: Pearson Education Canada. ISBN 978-0-13-255770-2.
^ ^a ^b Moore DS (2015). The Developing Genome: An Introduction to Behavioral Epigenetics (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992234-5.
^ Champagne FA, Mashoodh R (2012). "Genes in context: Gene-environment interplay and the origins of individual differences in behaviour". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 18 (3): 127–131. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01622.x. S2CID 18672157.
^ Zhang TY, Meaney MJ (2010). "Epigenetics and the environmental regulation of the genome and its function". Annual Review of Psychology. 61: 439–66, C1-3. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163625. PMID 19958180.
^ Bagot RC, Meaney MJ (Aug 2010). "Epigenetics and the biological basis of gene x environment interactions". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 49 (8): 752–71. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.001. PMID 20643310.
^ Stuffrein-Roberts S, Joyce PR, Kennedy MA (Feb 2008). "Role of epigenetics in mental disorders". The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 42 (2): 97–107. doi:10.1080/00048670701787495. PMID 18197504. S2CID 36721906.
^ Mill J, Tang T, Kaminsky Z, Khare T, Yazdanpanah S, Bouchard L, Jia P, Assadzadeh A, Flanagan J, Schumacher A, Wang SC, Petronis A (Mar 2008). "Epigenomic profiling reveals DNA-methylation changes associated with major psychosis". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (3): 696–711. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.008. PMC 2427301. PMID 18319075.
^ Rana AK (24 January 2018). "Crime investigation through DNA methylation analysis: methods and applications in forensics". Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences. 8 (1). doi:10.1186/s41935-018-0042-1.
^ Pennisi E (Aug 2001). "Behind the scenes of gene expression". Science. 293 (5532): 1064–7. doi:10.1126/science.293.5532.1064. PMID 11498570. S2CID 40236421.
^ Juliandi B, Abematsu M, Nakashima K (Aug 2010). "Epigenetic regulation in neural stem cell differentiation". Development, Growth & Differentiation. 52 (6): 493–504. doi:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2010.01175.x. PMID 20608952. S2CID 28991168.
^ Ma DK, Marchetto MC, Guo JU, Ming GL, Gage FH, Song H (Nov 2010). "Epigenetic choreographers of neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain". Nature Neuroscience. 13 (11): 1338–44. doi:10.1038/nn.2672. PMC 3324277. PMID 20975758.
^ Sun J, Sun J, Ming GL, Song H (Mar 2011). "Epigenetic regulation of neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (6): 1087–93. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07607.x. PMC 3076719. PMID 21395852.

[Miller_2010-1] Cite error: The named reference Miller_2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Powledge_2011-2] Powledge T (2011). "Behavioral epigenetics: How nurture shapes nature". BioScience. 61 (8): 588–592. doi:10.1525/bio.2011.61.8.4.

[Kail_2011-3] Kail RV, Barnfield A (2011). Children and Their Development, Second Canadian Edition with MyDevelopmentLab. Toronto: Pearson Education Canada. ISBN 978-0-13-255770-2.

[Moore_2015-4] Moore DS (2015). The Developing Genome: An Introduction to Behavioral Epigenetics (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992234-5.

[Champagne-5] Champagne FA, Mashoodh R (2012). "Genes in context: Gene-environment interplay and the origins of individual differences in behaviour". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 18 (3): 127–131. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01622.x. S2CID 18672157.

[Zhang_2010-6] Zhang TY, Meaney MJ (2010). "Epigenetics and the environmental regulation of the genome and its function". Annual Review of Psychology. 61: 439–66, C1-3. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163625. PMID 19958180.

[Bagot_2010-7] Bagot RC, Meaney MJ (Aug 2010). "Epigenetics and the biological basis of gene x environment interactions". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 49 (8): 752–71. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.001. PMID 20643310.

[pmid18197504-8] Stuffrein-Roberts S, Joyce PR, Kennedy MA (Feb 2008). "Role of epigenetics in mental disorders". The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 42 (2): 97–107. doi:10.1080/00048670701787495. PMID 18197504. S2CID 36721906.

[McIlroy-9] Mill J, Tang T, Kaminsky Z, Khare T, Yazdanpanah S, Bouchard L, Jia P, Assadzadeh A, Flanagan J, Schumacher A, Wang SC, Petronis A (Mar 2008). "Epigenomic profiling reveals DNA-methylation changes associated with major psychosis". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (3): 696–711. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.008. PMC 2427301. PMID 18319075.

[10] Rana AK (24 January 2018). "Crime investigation through DNA methylation analysis: methods and applications in forensics". Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences. 8 (1). doi:10.1186/s41935-018-0042-1.

[pmid11498570-11] Pennisi E (Aug 2001). "Behind the scenes of gene expression". Science. 293 (5532): 1064–7. doi:10.1126/science.293.5532.1064. PMID 11498570. S2CID 40236421.

[pmid20608952-12] Juliandi B, Abematsu M, Nakashima K (Aug 2010). "Epigenetic regulation in neural stem cell differentiation". Development, Growth & Differentiation. 52 (6): 493–504. doi:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2010.01175.x. PMID 20608952. S2CID 28991168.

[pmid20975758-13] Ma DK, Marchetto MC, Guo JU, Ming GL, Gage FH, Song H (Nov 2010). "Epigenetic choreographers of neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain". Nature Neuroscience. 13 (11): 1338–44. doi:10.1038/nn.2672. PMC 3324277. PMID 20975758.

[pmid21395852-14] Sun J, Sun J, Ming GL, Song H (Mar 2011). "Epigenetic regulation of neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (6): 1087–93. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07607.x. PMC 3076719. PMID 21395852.

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