Collective behavior

The expression collective behavior was first used by Franklin Henry Giddings^[1] and employed later by Robert Park and Ernest Burgess,^[2] Herbert Blumer,^[3] Ralph H. Turner and Lewis Killian,^[4] and Neil Smelser^[5] to refer to social processes and events which do not reflect existing social structure (laws, conventions, and institutions), but which emerge in a "spontaneous" way. Use of the term has been expanded to include reference to cells, social animals like birds and fish, and insects including ants.^[6] Collective behavior takes many forms but generally violates societal norms.^[7]^[8] Collective behavior can be tremendously destructive, as with riots or mob violence, silly, as with fads, or anywhere in between. Collective behavior is always driven by group dynamics, encouraging people to engage in acts they might consider unthinkable under typical social circumstances.^[8]

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[Giddings1908-1] Cite error: The named reference Giddings1908 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[ParkBurgess1921-2] Cite error: The named reference ParkBurgess1921 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Blumer1939-3] Cite error: The named reference Blumer1939 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[TurnerKillian1957-4] Cite error: The named reference TurnerKillian1957 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Smelser1962-5] Cite error: The named reference Smelser1962 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Gordon2014-6] Cite error: The named reference Gordon2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Miller2000-7] Cite error: The named reference Miller2000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Locher2002-8] Cite error: The named reference Locher2002 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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