Commodification

Commodification is the process of transforming inalienable, free, or gifted things (objects, services, ideas, nature, personal information, people or animals) into commodities, or objects for sale.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] It has a connotation of losing an inherent quality or social relationship when something is integrated by a capitalist marketplace.^[5] Concepts that have been argued as being commodified include broad items such as the body,^[6] intimacy,^[7] public goods,^[8] animals^[9] and holidays.^[10]

^ Maloney, Lauren (19 November 2015). "The Commodification of Human Beings". nulawreview.org. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
^ Wilsterman, James M. (2008). "The Human Commodity". thecrimson. thecrimson.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
^ For animals, "United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database", UN ComTrade; Josephine Donovan, "Aestheticizing Animal Cruelty," College Literature, 38(4), Fall 2011 (pp. 202–217), p. 203. JSTOR 41302895
For slaves as commodities, Appadurai 1986, pp. 84–85; David Hawkes, Shakespeare and Economic Theory, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015, p. 130.
For body commodification, Lesley A. Sharp, "The Commodification of the Body and Its Parts," Annual Review of Anthropology, 29, 2000 (pp. 287–328) p. 295ff. JSTOR 223423
^ Cite error: The named reference commodification was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Hearn, Alison (14 March 2017), "13. Commodification", Keywords for Media Studies, New York University Press, pp. 43–46, doi:10.18574/nyu/9781479817474.003.0016, ISBN 978-1-4798-1747-4, retrieved 29 January 2024
^ Sharp, Lesley A. (21 October 2000). "The Commodification of the Body and its Parts". Annual Review of Anthropology. 29 (1): 287–328. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.287. ISSN 0084-6570. PMID 15977341.
^ Constable, Nicole (October 2009). "The Commodification of Intimacy: Marriage, Sex, and Reproductive Labor". Annual Review of Anthropology. 38 (1): 49–64. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085133. ISSN 0084-6570.
^ "Commodification | Neoliberalism". neolib.uga.edu. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
^ Nibert, David (2011). "Origins and Consequences of the Animal Industrial Complex". In Steven Best; Richard Kahn; Anthony J. Nocella II; Peter McLaren (eds.). The Global Industrial Complex: Systems of Domination. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 197–209. ISBN 978-0-7391-3698-0.
^ "We Can Reclaim Christmas from Capitalism". In These Times. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2021.

[humanbe22-1] Maloney, Lauren (19 November 2015). "The Commodification of Human Beings". nulawreview.org. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[thehum22-2] Wilsterman, James M. (2008). "The Human Commodity". thecrimson. thecrimson.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[AniSlavBody2-3] For animals, "United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database", UN ComTrade; Josephine Donovan, "Aestheticizing Animal Cruelty," College Literature, 38(4), Fall 2011 (pp. 202–217), p. 203. JSTOR 41302895
For slaves as commodities, Appadurai 1986, pp. 84–85; David Hawkes, Shakespeare and Economic Theory, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015, p. 130.
For body commodification, Lesley A. Sharp, "The Commodification of the Body and Its Parts," Annual Review of Anthropology, 29, 2000 (pp. 287–328) p. 295ff. JSTOR 223423

[commodification-4] Cite error: The named reference commodification was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Hearn-2017-5] Hearn, Alison (14 March 2017), "13. Commodification", Keywords for Media Studies, New York University Press, pp. 43–46, doi:10.18574/nyu/9781479817474.003.0016, ISBN 978-1-4798-1747-4, retrieved 29 January 2024

[6] Sharp, Lesley A. (21 October 2000). "The Commodification of the Body and its Parts". Annual Review of Anthropology. 29 (1): 287–328. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.287. ISSN 0084-6570. PMID 15977341.

[7] Constable, Nicole (October 2009). "The Commodification of Intimacy: Marriage, Sex, and Reproductive Labor". Annual Review of Anthropology. 38 (1): 49–64. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085133. ISSN 0084-6570.

[neolib.uga.edu-8] "Commodification | Neoliberalism". neolib.uga.edu. Retrieved 11 June 2023.

[Nibert20112-9] Nibert, David (2011). "Origins and Consequences of the Animal Industrial Complex". In Steven Best; Richard Kahn; Anthony J. Nocella II; Peter McLaren (eds.). The Global Industrial Complex: Systems of Domination. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 197–209. ISBN 978-0-7391-3698-0.

[In_These_Times-2018-10] "We Can Reclaim Christmas from Capitalism". In These Times. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2021.

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