Back ثالوث الظلام Arabic অন্ধকাৰ ত্ৰয়ী Assamese Tríada fosca Catalan Dunkle Triade German Tríada oscura Spanish Tume triaad Estonian مثلث تاریک شخصیت Persian Pimeä triadi Finnish Triade sombre French השילוש האפל HE

Dark triad

Illustration of the triad

The dark triad is a psychological theory of personality, first published by Delroy L. Paulhus and Kevin M. Williams in 2002,[1] that describes three notably offensive, but non-pathological personality types: Machiavellianism, sub-clinical narcissism, and sub-clinical psychopathy.[2][3][4][5] Each of these personality types is called dark because each is considered to contain malevolent qualities.[2][6][7][8]

All three dark triad traits are conceptually distinct although empirical evidence shows them to be overlapping. They are associated with a callous–manipulative interpersonal style.[9]

High scores in these traits have been found to statistically increase a person's likelihood to commit crimes, cause social distress, and create severe problems for organizations, especially if they are in leadership positions.[14] They also tend to be less compassionate, agreeable, empathetic, and satisfied with their lives, and less likely to believe they and others are good.[15]

A factor analysis found that among the big five personality traits, low agreeableness is the strongest correlate of the dark triad, while neuroticism and a lack of conscientiousness were associated with some of the dark triad members.[11] Research indicates that there is a consistent association between changes in agreeableness and the dark triad traits over the course of an individual's life.[16]

  1. ^ "Dark Triad". Psychology Today United Kingdom. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  2. ^ a b Paulhus, Delroy L; Williams, Kevin M. (December 2002). "The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy". Journal of Research in Personality. 36 (6). Maryland Heights, Missouri: Elsevier: 556–563. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6. S2CID 6535576.
  3. ^ Regoli, Robert M.; Hewitt, John D.; DeLisi, Matt (2011). Delinquency in Society: The Essentials. Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-7637-7790-6.
  4. ^ Campbell, W. Keith; Miller, Joshua D. (2011). The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-118-02924-4.
  5. ^ Leary, Mark R.; Hoyle, Rick H. (2009). Handbook of individual differences in social behavior. New York City: Guilford Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-59385-647-2.
  6. ^ Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas; von Stumm, Sophie; Furnham, Adrian (2011). The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 527. ISBN 978-1-4443-4310-6.
  7. ^ Horowitz, Leonard M.; Strack, Stephen (2010). Handbook of Interpersonal Psychology: Theory, Research, Assessment and Therapeutic Interventions. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 252–55. ISBN 978-0-470-88103-3. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  8. ^ Lacey, David (2009). Managing the Human Factor in Information Security: How to Win Over Staff and Influence Business Managers. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-470-72199-5.
  9. ^ Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (2010). "Differentiating the dark triad within the interpersonal circumplex". In Horowitz, Leonard M.; Strack, Stephen N. (eds.). Handbook of interpersonal theory and research. New York City: Guilford Press. pp. 249–67. ISBN 978-0-470-88107-1.
  10. ^ Kohut, Heinz (1977). The Restoration of the Self. New York City: International Universities Press. ISBN 978-0-8236-5810-7.
  11. ^ a b Jakobwitz, Sharon; Egan, Vincent (January 2006). "The dark triad and normal personality traits". Personality and Individual Differences. 40 (2). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 331–339. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.006.
  12. ^ Frick, Paul J.; White, Stuart F. (April 2008). "Research Review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 49 (4). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell: 359–375. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x. PMID 18221345.
  13. ^ Skeem, Jennifer L.; Polaschek, Devon L. L.; Patrick, Christopher J.; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (15 December 2011). "Psychopathic Personality". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 12 (3). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 95–162. doi:10.1177/1529100611426706. PMID 26167886. S2CID 8521465.
  14. ^ O'Boyle Jr, Ernest H.; Forsynth, Donelson R.; Banks, George C.; McDaniel, Michael A. (2012). "A Meta-Analysis of the Dark Triad and Work Behavior: A Social Exchange Perspective". Applied Psychology. 97 (3): 557–579. doi:10.1037/a0025679. PMID 22023075. Retrieved 2021-10-25.
  15. ^ Kaufman, Scott Barry; Yaden, David Bryce; Hyde, Elizabeth; Tsukayama, Eli (12 March 2019). "The Light vs. Dark Triad of Personality: Contrasting Two Very Different Profiles of Human Nature". Frontiers in Psychology. 10: 467. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00467. PMC 6423069. PMID 30914993.
  16. ^ Klimstra, Theo A.; Jeronimus, Bertus F.; Sijtsema, Jelle J.; Denissen, Jaap J.A. (April 2020). "The unfolding dark side: Age trends in dark personality features". Journal of Research in Personality. 85: 103915. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103915.

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