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| Dutch | |
|---|---|
| Nederlands | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈneːdərlɑnts] ⓘ |
| Native to | |
| Ethnicity | |
Native speakers | 25 million (2021)[1] Total (L1 plus L2 speakers): 30 million (2021)[2][3] |
Early forms | |
| Dialects | |
| Signed Dutch (NmG) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | |
| Regulated by | Nederlandse Taalunie (Dutch Language Union) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | nl |
| ISO 639-2 | dut (B) nld (T) |
| ISO 639-3 | nld Dutch/Flemish |
| Glottolog | mode1257 |
| Linguasphere | 52-ACB-a |
 Dutch-speaking world (included are areas of daughter language Afrikaans) | |
 Distribution of the Dutch standard language (dark blue where a majority language, light blue for Brussels, Friesland and Low Franconian dialects in France and Germany) in Europe | |
Dutch (endonym: Nederlands [ˈneːdərlɑnts] ⓘ) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language[4] and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language. In Europe, Dutch is the native language of most of the population of the Netherlands and Flanders (or 60% of the population of Belgium).[2][3] In South America, it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname, and spoken as a second language in the polyglot Caribbean island countries of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. All these countries have recognised Dutch as one of the official languages within their territory, and are involved in one way or another in the Dutch Language Union.[5] Dutch Caribbean municipalities (St. Eustatius, Saba and Bonaire) have Dutch as one of the official languages too.[6] Up to half a million native speakers reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined,[a] and historical linguistic minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France,[7] Germany and Indonesia.[b]
Dutch was one of the official languages of South Africa, until 1925, when it was replaced by Afrikaans, a separate but mutually intelligible daughter language or - depending the used definition - sister language of Dutch.[c] It is spoken, to some degree, by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Namibia,[d] evolving from Cape Dutch dialects.
Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English[e] and is colloquially said to be "roughly in between" them.[f] Dutch, like English, has not undergone the High German consonant shift, does not use Germanic umlaut as a grammatical marker, has largely abandoned the use of the subjunctive, and has levelled much of its morphology, including most of its case system.[g] Features shared with German include the survival of two to three grammatical genders – albeit with few grammatical consequences[h] – as well as the use of modal particles,[8] final-obstruent devoicing, and a similar word order.[i] Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic; it incorporates slightly more Romance loans than German but far fewer than English.[j]
- ^ Dutch at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- ^ a b European Commission (2006). "Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Survey)" (PDF). Europa. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2007. "1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." (page 153).
- ^ a b "Dutch". Languages at Leicester. University of Leicester. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Feitenwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Taalunie". taalunie.org (in Dutch). Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
- ^ Netherlands, Statistics (April 4, 2019). "Caribbean Netherlands; Spoken languages and main language, characteristics". Statistics Netherlands. Archived from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
- ^ Willemyns, Roland (2002). "Language Contact at the Romance-Germanic Language Border". In Jeanine Treffers-Daller, Roland Willemyns (ed.). Journal of multilingual and multicultural development. Multilingual Matters. p. 4. ISBN 1853596272. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
- ^ "A Guide to Dutch – 10 facts about the Dutch language". Languages. BBC. 2014. Archived from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
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