Eastern Min

Eastern Min
Eastern Min
Min Dong (閩東語); Foochowese (福州話)
平話
Pronunciation	"Bàng-uâ" in different dialects [paŋ˨˩ŋuɑ˨˦˨] (Fuzhou); [paŋ˥ŋuɑ˦˨] (Fuqing); [paŋ˥˦˦ŋua˧˨˦] (Gutian); [paŋ˧˩ŋuɑ˩˧˩] (Matsu); [paŋ˨ɰo˧˧˨] (Ningde); [paŋ˨ɰo˨˧] (Fu'an); [paŋ˨ŋua˨˩˨] (Xiapu); [paŋ˨˩ŋua˨˩˧] (Zherong)
Native to	Southeast China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, United States (chiefly New York City)
Region	Eastern Fujian (Fuzhou and Ningde), Matsu; parts of Taishun and Cangnan, Wenzhou, Zhejiang
Native speakers	11 million (2022)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Min Coastal Min Eastern Min; ; ; ; ;
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese Proto-Min ; ;
Dialects	Funing: Fu'an, Ningde; Houguan: Fuqing, Fuzhou (including Lianjiang), Matsu; Manjiang; Zhongshan: Longdu, Nanlang;
Writing system	Chinese characters and Foochow Romanized
Official status
Official language in	Matsu Islands, Taiwan (as local language)
Recognised minority; language in	one of the statutory languages for public transport announcements in the Matsu Islands, Taiwan
Language codes
ISO 639-3	cdo
Glottolog	mind1253
	Eastern Min

Eastern Min or Min Dong (traditional Chinese: 閩東語; simplified Chinese: 闽东语; pinyin: Mǐndōngyǔ, Foochow Romanized: Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄) is a branch of the Min group of the Chinese languages of China. The prestige form and most commonly cited representative form is the Fuzhou dialect, the speech of the capital of Fujian.^[8]

^ Eastern Min at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
^ 本土語言納中小學必修潘文忠：將按語發法實施 (in Chinese)
^ "國家語言發展法第二條".
^ 大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法
^ 李如龙 Li Rulong (1994). 福州方言词典 (Rev. 1st ed.). Fuzhou: Fujian People's Press (福建人民出版社). p. 1. ISBN 7211023546.

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[e27-1] Eastern Min at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)

[2] Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766

[3] Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8

[glottoMin-4] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.

[6] 本土語言納中小學必修潘文忠：將按語發法實施 (in Chinese)

[7] "國家語言發展法第二條".

[8] 大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法

[9] 李如龙 Li Rulong (1994). 福州方言词典 (Rev. 1st ed.). Fuzhou: Fujian People's Press (福建人民出版社). p. 1. ISBN 7211023546.

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Eastern Min
Min Dong (閩東語) Foochowese (福州話)
平話
Pronunciation	"Bàng-uâ" in different dialects [paŋ˨˩ŋuɑ˨˦˨] (Fuzhou) [paŋ˥ŋuɑ˦˨] (Fuqing) [paŋ˥˦˦ŋua˧˨˦] (Gutian) [paŋ˧˩ŋuɑ˩˧˩] (Matsu) [paŋ˨ɰo˧˧˨] (Ningde) [paŋ˨ɰo˨˧] (Fu'an) [paŋ˨ŋua˨˩˨] (Xiapu) [paŋ˨˩ŋua˨˩˧] (Zherong)
Native to	Southeast China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, United States (chiefly New York City)
Region	Eastern Fujian (Fuzhou and Ningde), Matsu; parts of Taishun and Cangnan, Wenzhou, Zhejiang
Native speakers	11 million (2022)^[1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Min Coastal Min Eastern Min
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese^[a] Proto-Min
Dialects	Funing: Fu'an, Ningde Houguan: Fuqing, Fuzhou (including Lianjiang), Matsu Manjiang Zhongshan: Longdu, Nanlang
Writing system	Chinese characters and Foochow Romanized
Official status
Official language in	Matsu Islands, Taiwan (as local language^[5])^[6]
Recognised minority language in	one of the statutory languages for public transport announcements in the Matsu Islands, Taiwan^[7]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`cdo`
Glottolog	`mind1253`
Eastern Min