Henry Molaison

Henry Molaison
Molaison in 1953 before his surgery
Born	Henry Gustav Molaison February 26, 1926 Manchester, Connecticut, U.S.
Died	December 2, 2008(2008-12-02) (aged 82) Windsor Locks, Connecticut, U.S.

Henry Gustav Molaison (February 26, 1926 – December 2, 2008), known widely as H.M., was an American who had a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy to surgically resect the anterior two thirds of his hippocampi, parahippocampal cortices, entorhinal cortices, piriform cortices, and amygdalae in an attempt to cure his epilepsy. Although the surgery was partially successful in controlling his epilepsy, a severe side effect was that he became unable to form new memories. His unique case also helped define ethical standards in neurological research, emphasizing the need for patient consent and the consideration of long-term impacts of medical interventions. Furthermore, Molaison's life after his surgery highlighted the challenges and adaptations required for living with significant memory impairments, serving as an important case study for healthcare professionals and caregivers dealing with similar conditions.

A childhood bicycle accident^{[note 1]} is often advanced as the likely cause of H.M.'s epilepsy.^[1] H.M. began to have minor seizures at age 10; from 16 years of age, the seizures became major. Despite high doses of anticonvulsant medication, H.M.'s seizures were incapacitating. When he was 27, H.M. was offered an experimental procedure by neurosurgeon W. B. Scoville. Previously Scoville had only ever performed the surgery on psychotic patients.

The surgery took place in 1953 and H.M. was widely studied from late 1957 until his death in 2008.^[2][3] He resided in a care institute in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, where he was the subject of ongoing investigation.^[4] His case played an important role in the development of theories that explain the link between brain function and memory, and in the development of cognitive neuropsychology, a branch of psychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relates to specific psychological processes.^{[5][6][7][8][9]}

Molaison's brain was kept at University of California, San Diego, where it was sliced into histological sections on December 4, 2009.^[10] It was later moved to the MIND Institute at UC Davis.^[11] The brain atlas constructed was made publicly available in 2014.^[12][13]

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