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History of Africa

Further information: General History of Africa and List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history
Map showing the states, people, and material cultures of the African continent, but missing the Kintampo civilisation in West Africa, c.1800 BC
Contemporary political map of Africa (Includes Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa)
Obelisk at temple of Luxor, Egypt. c. 1200 BC
Baguirmi knight in full padded armour suit, Early 19th Century.
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The history of Africa begins with the emergence of hominids, archaic humans and — around 300,000–250,000 years ago — anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens), in East Africa, and continues unbroken into the present as a patchwork of diverse and politically developing nation states.[1] The earliest known recorded history arose in Ancient Egypt,[2] and later in Nubia, the Sahel, the Maghreb, and the Horn of Africa.[3]

Following the desertification of the Sahara, North African history became entwined with the Middle East and Southern Europe while the Bantu expansion swept from modern day Cameroon (Central West Africa) across much of the sub-Saharan continent in waves between around 1000 BC and 1 AD, creating a linguistic commonality across much of the central and Southern continent.[4]

During the Middle Ages, Islam spread west from Arabia to Egypt, crossing the Maghreb and the Sahel.

Some notable kingdoms and empires in Africa include the Ajuran Empire, Kitara/Bachwezi Empire, Ancient Egypt, Mali Empire, Gao Empire, Bamana/Segou Empire, Songhai Empire, Benin Empire, Oyo Empire, Sokoto Caliphate, Kingdom of Lunda, Luba Empire, Kanem-Bornu Empire, Ashanti Empire, Ghana Empire, Mutapa Empire, Kingdom of Zimbabwe, Maravi Empire, Rozwi Empire, Kingdom of Kongo, Mthethwa Empire, Jolof Empire, Ife Empire, D'mt, Adal Sultanate, Ethiopian Empire, Kingdom of Makuria, Merina Kingdom, Dagbon Kingdom, Warsangali Sultanate, Buganda Kingdom, Kingdom of Rwanda, Kingdom of Burundi, Busoga, Kingdom of Nri, Bonoman Kingdom, Mossi Kingdoms, Kingdom of Mapungubwe, Kingdom of Sine, Sultanate of Sennar/Funj, Oukwanyama, Zulu Kingdom, Empire of Kaabu, Ancient Carthage, Numidia, Mauretania, Almohad Caliphate, Mamluk Sultanate, Fatimid Caliphate, Darfur Sultanate, Kilwa Sultanate and the Aksumite Empire.

Some societies maintained an egalitarian way of life without hierarchy, such as the Jola or Hadza peoples, whilst others did not organise and centralise further into complex societies, such as the Boorana and the chiefdoms of Sierra Leone, and are rarely discussed in political history. At its peak, prior to European colonialism, it is estimated that Africa had up to 10,000 different states and autonomous groups with distinct languages and customs.[5][6]

Slavery in Africa has historically been widespread and systems of servitude and slavery were common in parts of Africa in ancient times, as they were in much of the rest of the ancient world.[7] When the trans-Saharan slave trade, Red Sea slave trade, Indian Ocean slave trade and Atlantic slave trade began, many of the pre-existing local African slave systems started supplying captives for slave markets outside Africa.[8][9] The Atlantic slave trade was the most exploited of these, and between 1450 and 1900 transported upwards of 12 million enslaved people overseas in terrible conditions with many dying on the journey.[10][11]: 194 

From 1870 to 1914, driven by the Second Industrial Revolution, European colonization of Africa developed rapidly from around 10% of the continent being under European imperial control to over 90% as a result of the Scramble for Africa (1881–1914).[12][13]

Following struggles for independence in many parts of the continent, as well as a weakened Europe after the Second World War (1939–1945), waves of decolonization took place across the continent, culminating in the 1960 Year of Africa and the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity in 1963.[14]

In Sub-Saharan Africa societies history generally used to be recorded orally despite most societies having developed a writing script, leading to them being termed "oral civilisations" in contrast to "literate civilisations".[15] Disciplines such as recording of oral tradition, historical linguistics, archaeology, and genetics have been vital in rediscovering the great African civilizations of antiquity, as well as documenting those of later periods.

  1. ^ "Evolution of Modern Humans: Early Modern Homo sapiens". www2.palomar.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  2. ^ "Recordkeeping and History". Khan Academy. Retrieved 2023-01-22.
  3. ^ "Early African Civilization". Study.com. Retrieved 2023-01-22.
  4. ^ "History of Africa". Visit Africa. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  5. ^ Meyerowitz, Eva L. R. (1975). The Early History of the Akan States of Ghana. Red Candle Press. ISBN 978-0-608390352.
  6. ^ Boyes, Steve (October 31, 2013). "Getting to Know Africa: 50 Interesting Facts". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2013-12-27.
  7. ^ Stilwell, Sean (2013). "Slavery in African History". Slavery and Slaving in African History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 38. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139034999.003. ISBN 978-1-139-03499-9. For most Africans between 10000 BCE to 500 CE, the use of slaves was not an optimal political or economic strategy. But in some places, Africans came to see the value of slavery. In the large parts of the continent where Africans lived in relatively decentralized and small-scale communities, some big men used slavery to grab power to get around broader governing ideas about reciprocity and kinship, but were still bound by those ideas to some degree. In other parts of the continent early political centralization and commercialization led to expanded use of slaves as soldiers, officials, and workers.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lovejoy-2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Sparks, Randy J. (2014). "4. The Process of Enslavement at Annamaboe". Where the Negroes are Masters : An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade. Harvard University Press. pp. 122–161. ISBN 9780674724877.
  10. ^ Ronald Segal, The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995), ISBN 0-374-11396-3, p. 4. "It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic." (Note in original: Paul E. Lovejoy, "The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature", in Journal of African History 30 (1989), p. 368.)
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Martin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Chukwu, Lawson; Akpowoghaha, G. N. (2023). "Colonialism in Africa: An Introductory Review". Political Economy of Colonial Relations and Crisis of Contemporary African Diplomacy.
  13. ^ Frankema, Ewout (2018). "An Economic Rationale for the West African Scramble? The Commercial Transition and the Commodity Price Boom of 1835–1885". The Journal for Economic History. 78 (1): 231=267.
  14. ^ Hargreaves, John D. (1996). Decolonization in Africa (2nd ed.). London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-24917-1. OCLC 33131573.
  15. ^ Vansina, Jan (1971). "Once upon a Time: Oral Traditions as History in Africa". Daedalus. 100 (2). MIT Press: 442–468. JSTOR 20024011.

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