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B – magnetic field in the core
BF – "fringing fields". In the gaps G the electric field lines "bulge" out, so the field strength is less than in the core: BF < B
BL – leakage flux; magnetic field lines which don't follow complete magnetic circuit
L – average length of the magnetic circuit. It is the sum of the length Lcore in the iron core pieces and the length Lgap in the air gaps G.
A magnetic circuit is made up of one or more closed loop paths containing a magnetic flux. The flux is usually generated by permanent magnets or electromagnets and confined to the path by magnetic cores consisting of ferromagnetic materials like iron, although there may be air gaps or other materials in the path. Magnetic circuits are employed to efficiently channel magnetic fields in many devices such as electric motors, generators, transformers, relays, lifting electromagnets, SQUIDs, galvanometers, and magnetic recording heads.
The relation between magnetic flux, magnetomotive force, and magnetic reluctance in an unsaturated magnetic circuit can be described by Hopkinson's law, which bears a superficial resemblance to Ohm's law in electrical circuits, resulting in a one-to-one correspondence between properties of a magnetic circuit and an analogous electric circuit. Using this concept the magnetic fields of complex devices such as transformers can be quickly solved using the methods and techniques developed for electrical circuits.
Some examples of magnetic circuits are:
- horseshoe magnet with iron keeper (low-reluctance circuit)
- horseshoe magnet with no keeper (high-reluctance circuit)
- electric motor (variable-reluctance circuit)
- some types of pickup cartridge (variable-reluctance circuits)
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