Muscle contraction

Hierarchical organization of skeletal muscle

Contractions of skeletal muscles allow vertebrate animals such as frogs to move

Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle cells.^[1]^[2] In physiology, muscle contraction does not necessarily mean muscle shortening because muscle tension can be produced without changes in muscle length, such as when holding something heavy in the same position.^[1] The termination of muscle contraction is followed by muscle relaxation, which is a return of the muscle fibers to their low tension-generating state.^[1]

For the contractions to happen, the muscle cells must rely on the change in action of two types of filaments: thin and thick filaments.

The major constituent of thin filaments is a chain formed by helical coiling of two strands of actin, and thick filaments dominantly consist of chains of the motor-protein myosin. Together, these two filaments form myofibrils - the basic functional organelles in the skeletal muscle system.

In vertebrates, skeletal muscle contractions are neurogenic as they require synaptic input from motor neurons. A single motor neuron is able to innervate multiple muscle fibers, thereby causing the fibers to contract at the same time. Once innervated, the protein filaments within each skeletal muscle fiber slide past each other to produce a contraction, which is explained by the sliding filament theory. The contraction produced can be described as a twitch, summation, or tetanus, depending on the frequency of action potentials. In skeletal muscles, muscle tension is at its greatest when the muscle is stretched to an intermediate length as described by the length-tension relationship.

Unlike skeletal muscle, the contractions of smooth and cardiac muscles are myogenic (meaning that they are initiated by the smooth or heart muscle cells themselves instead of being stimulated by an outside event such as nerve stimulation), although they can be modulated by stimuli from the autonomic nervous system. The mechanisms of contraction in these muscle tissues are similar to those in skeletal muscle tissues.

Muscle contraction can also be described in terms of two variables: length and tension.^[1] In natural movements that underlie locomotor activity, muscle contractions are multifaceted as they are able to produce changes in length and tension in a time-varying manner.^[3] Therefore, neither length nor tension is likely to remain the same in skeletal muscles that contract during locomotion. Contractions can be described as isometric if the muscle tension changes but the muscle length remains the same.^[1]^[4]^[5]^[6] In contrast, a muscle contraction is described as isotonic if muscle tension remains the same throughout the contraction.^[1]^[4]^[5]^[6] If the muscle length shortens, the contraction is concentric;^[1]^[7] if the muscle length lengthens, the contraction is eccentric.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Widmaier, Eric P.; Raff, Hersel; Strang, Kevin T. (2010). "Muscle". Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 250–291. ISBN 978-0-321-98122-6.
^ Silverthorn, Dee Unglaub (2016). "Muscles". Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (7th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson. pp. 377–416. ISBN 978-0-321-98122-6.
^ Biewener, Andrew A. (2003). "Muscles and skeletons: The building blocks of animal movement". Animal Locomotion. Oxford Animal Biology Series. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 15–45. ISBN 978-0-198-50022-3.
^ ^a ^b Aidley, David J. (1998). "Mechanics and energetics of muscular contraction". The Physiology of Excitable Cells (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 323–335. ISBN 978-0-521-57421-1.
^ ^a ^b Sircar, Sabyasachi (2008). "Muscle elasticity". Principles of Medical Physiology (1st ed.). New York, NY: Thieme. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-588-90572-7.
^ ^a ^b Bullock, John; Boyle, Joseph; Wang, Michael B. (2001). "Muscle contraction". NMS Physiology. Vol. 578 (4th ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 37–56.
^ Kumar, Shrawan (2008). "Introduction and terminology". In Kumar, Shrawan (ed.). Muscle strength (1st ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-415-36953-4.

[Widmaier_et_al_2008-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Widmaier, Eric P.; Raff, Hersel; Strang, Kevin T. (2010). "Muscle". Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 250–291. ISBN 978-0-321-98122-6.

[Silverthorn_2016-2] Silverthorn, Dee Unglaub (2016). "Muscles". Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (7th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson. pp. 377–416. ISBN 978-0-321-98122-6.

[Biewener_1998-3] Biewener, Andrew A. (2003). "Muscles and skeletons: The building blocks of animal movement". Animal Locomotion. Oxford Animal Biology Series. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 15–45. ISBN 978-0-198-50022-3.

[Aidley_1998-4] Aidley, David J. (1998). "Mechanics and energetics of muscular contraction". The Physiology of Excitable Cells (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 323–335. ISBN 978-0-521-57421-1.

[Sircar_2008-5] Sircar, Sabyasachi (2008). "Muscle elasticity". Principles of Medical Physiology (1st ed.). New York, NY: Thieme. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-588-90572-7.

[Bullock_et_al_2001-6] Bullock, John; Boyle, Joseph; Wang, Michael B. (2001). "Muscle contraction". NMS Physiology. Vol. 578 (4th ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 37–56.

[Kumar_2004-7] Kumar, Shrawan (2008). "Introduction and terminology". In Kumar, Shrawan (ed.). Muscle strength (1st ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-415-36953-4.

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