Back بيرونية (الأرجنتين) Arabic Peronizm Azerbaijani Перонизъм Bulgarian Peronouriezh Breton Peronisme Catalan Perónismus Czech Peronismus German Περονισμός Greek Peronismo Esperanto Peronismo Spanish
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Peronism,[a] also known as justicialism,[b] is an Argentine ideology and movement based on the ideas and legacy of Argentine ruler Juan Perón (1895–1974).[1] It has been an influential movement in 20th- and 21st-century Argentine politics.[1] Since 1946, Peronists have won 10 out of the 14 presidential elections in which they have been allowed to run.[2] Peronism is defined through its three flags, which are: “Economic Independence” (an economy that does not depend on other countries and promotes its national industry), “Social Justice” (the fight against socioeconomic inequalities) and “Political Sovereignty” (the non-interference of foreign powers in the domestic affairs of the country).
Nationalism is an essential part of Peronism, pushing for a sense of national pride among Argentines.[1] However it contrasts with the ethno-nationalism common in Europe, as it defends a nationalism of inclusion, that is, it includes all ethnicities and races as part of the nation.[3] This is because of the ethnically heterogeneous background of the Argentine demographics, which is a result of the mixing between indigenous peoples, Criollos, the various immigrant groups and their descendants.[4] Likewise, Peronism is generally considered populist, since it needs the figure of a leader (originally occupied by Perón) to lead the masses.[1]
Peronism has taken both conservative and progressive measures. Among those conservative elements are its fierce anti-communism,[5] a strong patriotism, the military background of Perón and the sanction of the law 12,978 on Catholic teaching in public schools.[6] While some progressive measures include the adoption of women's suffrage,[7] free tuition for public universities and a failed attempt to sanction the divorce law after the breakdown of relations with the church.[8][6] Due to this great confluence of ideas, Peronism is frequently located in the center of the political spectrum, sometimes in the center-right or center-left depending on the criteria used.[1] Peronism adopts a third position in the context of the Cold War, expressed in the phrase: "we are neither Yankees nor Marxists". Peronism espouses corporatism and thus aims to mediate tensions between the classes of society, with a state responsible for negotiating compromise in conflicts between managers and workers.[9] This way, trade unions are an essential part of Peronism and have been incorporated into its structure.[10]
Perón became Argentina's labour secretary after participating in the 1943 military coup and was elected president of Argentina in 1946.[1][11] He introduced social programs that benefited the working class,[12] supported labor unions and called for additional involvement of the state in the economy.[1] In addition, he supported industrialists in an effort to facilitate harmony between labor and capital.[2] Perón was very popular due to his leadership, and gained even more admiration through his wife Eva, who championed for the rights of migrant workers, the poor, and women, whose suffrage is partially due to Eva's involvement, until her death by cancer in 1952.[13] Due to economic problems and political repression, the military overthrew Perón[14] and banned the Justicialist Party in 1955;[14] it was not until 1973 that open elections were held again in which Perón was re-elected president by 62%.[1] Perón died in the following year, opening the way for his widow and vice president Isabel to succeed the presidency.[1]
Perón's death left an intense power vacuum and the military promptly overthrew Isabel in 1976.[1] Since the return to democracy in 1983, Peronist candidates have usually dominated general elections. Carlos Menem was elected in 1989 and served for two consecutive terms, until 1999. Menem moved the party to centre-right, with a focus on the privatization of state run enterprises,[2] the adoption of free-market policies[1] and establishing friendly international relations with the United States.[2] After the anti-Peronist De La Rúa administration (1999-2001) collapsed, four interim Peronist leaders took over between 2001 and 2003 due to political turmoil during the Argentine Great Depression. After coming to power in the 2003 Argentine general election, center-left Peronist Néstor Kirchner restructured the Justicialist platform in a manner aimed to "[return] the Peronist Justice Party to its traditional center-left stance following a long detour to center-right neoliberalism under Carlos Menem",[15] and advanced social democratic interpretations of Peronism. Kirchner served for only one term, while his wife, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, served two (having been elected in 2007 and re-elected in 2011), and from 2019 until 2023 was the vice president with Alberto Fernández as president,[1] until the election of right-wing libertarian Javier Milei in the 2023 Argentine presidential election. As of 2023, Peronists (barring Menem, who was a right-leaning Peronist) have held the presidency in Argentina for 28 total years.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Peronist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
- ^ a b c d "The persistence of Peronism". The Economist. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2019-07-18.
- ^ Rein, Raanan (2022). "Challenging the Argentine Melting Pot: Peronism, Hispanidad, and Cultural Diversity". Journal of Contemporary History. 57 (3): 691–707. doi:10.1177/00220094211065994. ISSN 0022-0094.
- ^ Avena, Sergio; Via, Marc; Ziv, Elad; Pérez-Stable, Eliseo J.; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Dejean, Cristina; Huntsman, Scott; Torres-Mejía, Gabriela; Dutil, Julie; Matta, Jaime L.; Beckman, Kenneth; Burchard, Esteban González; Parolin, María Laura; Goicoechea, Alicia; Acreche, Noemí (2012-04-10). "Heterogeneity in Genetic Admixture across Different Regions of Argentina". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e34695. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734695A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034695. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3323559. PMID 22506044.
- ^ Divergencia. "Los usos del discurso anticomunista del peronismo durante el periodo 1951-1955: La infiltración gremial, la cuestión internacional y el conflicto con la Iglesia" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-05-06.
- ^ a b Mendoza, Edwan Gabriel Vera; Mendoza, Edwan Gabriel Vera. "El Peronismo y la Iglesia Católica (1946-1955): cuando la política se hizo religión Peronism and the Catholic Church (1946-1955): when politics became religion".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ academic.oup.com https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/117/5/1641/44195. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "70 años. Gratuidad universitaria y el proyecto nacional". Riberas (in Spanish). 2019-11-22. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
- ^ Wiarda, Howard J. (July 2009). "The Political Sociology of a Concept: Corporatism and the "Distinct Tradition"". The Americas. 66 (1): 81–106. doi:10.1353/tam.0.0155. ISSN 0003-1615. S2CID 146378700.
- ^ Clohesy, William (1993-01-01). "Argentine Unions, the State and the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945; Argentine Workers: Peronism and Contemporary Class Consciousness". The Latin American Anthropology Review.
- ^ Dougherty, Terri (2003). Argentina. Lucent Books. pp. 35. ISBN 978-1-59018-108-9 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Dougherty 2003, p. 36.
- ^ Dougherty 2003, p. 37.
- ^ a b Dougherty 2003, p. 39.
- ^ Prevost, Gary; Campos, Carlos Oliva; Vanden, Harry E. (2012). Social Movements and Leftist Governments in Latin America: Confrontation or Co-optation?. Zed Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-1780321837.
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