Regulation of genetic engineering

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Genetic engineering
Genetically modified organisms
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History and regulation
History Regulation Substantial equivalence Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
Process
Techniques Molecular cloning Recombinant DNA Gene delivery Transformation Transfection Transduction Genome editing TALEN CRISPR
Applications
Genetically modified crops food Gene therapy Designer baby
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The regulation of genetic engineering varies widely by country. Countries such as the United States, Canada, Lebanon and Egypt use substantial equivalence as the starting point when assessing safety, while many countries such as those in the European Union, Brazil and China authorize GMO cultivation on a case-by-case basis. Many countries allow the import of GM food with authorization, but either do not allow its cultivation (Russia, Norway, Israel) or have provisions for cultivation, but no GM products are yet produced (Japan, South Korea). Most countries that do not allow for GMO cultivation do permit research.^[2] Most (85%) of the world's GMO crops are grown in the Americas (North and South).^[1] One of the key issues concerning regulators is whether GM products should be labeled. Labeling of GMO products in the marketplace is required in 64 countries.^[3] Labeling can be mandatory up to a threshold GM content level (which varies between countries) or voluntary. A study investigating voluntary labeling in South Africa found that 31% of products labeled as GMO-free had a GM content above 1.0%.^[4] In Canada and the USA labeling of GM food is voluntary,^[5] while in Europe all food (including processed food) or feed which contains greater than 0.9% of approved GMOs must be labelled.^[6][7]

There is a scientific consensus^{[8][9][10][11]} that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food,^{[12][13][14][15][16]} but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction.^[17][18][19] Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe.^{[20][21][22][23]} The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation.^{[24][25][26][27]}

There is no evidence to support the idea that the consumption of approved GM food has a detrimental effect on human health.^[28][29][30] Some scientists and advocacy groups, such as Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund, have however called for additional and more rigorous testing for GM food.^[29]