Self-driving car

A self-driving car, also known as an autonomous car (AC), driverless car, robotic car or robo-car,^[1]^[2]^[3] is a car that is capable of operating with reduced or no human input.^[4]^[5] Self-driving cars are responsible for all driving activities including perceiving the environment, monitoring important systems, and controlling the vehicle, including navigating from origin to destination.^[6]

ACs have the potential to impact the automotive industry, mobility costs, health, welfare, urban planning, traffic, insurance, labor market, and other domains. Appropriate regulations are necessary to integrate ACs into the existing driving environment.

Multiple vendors are pursuing autonomy, although as of early 2024, no system had achieved full autonomy. Waymo was the first to offer rides in self-driving taxis ("robotaxis") to the public,^[7] and currently offers services in Phoenix, Arizona, and San Francisco, California. Cruise offered taxi service in San Francisco,^[8] but suspended service in 2023. Honda was the first manufacturer to sell an SAE Level 3 car,^[9]^[10]^[11] followed by Mercedes-Benz,^[12] BMW Group and Kia. Baidu's Apollo Go is currently the world's largest robotaxi operator, operating in over 10 Chinese cities^[13] and completing over 4.1 million orders by September 2023.^[14]^[15] Other companies include DeepRoute.ai, which launched a robotaxi service in Shenzhen in 2021,^[16] and Pony.ai.

^ Taeihagh, Araz; Lim, Hazel Si Min (2 January 2019). "Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks". Transport Reviews. 39 (1): 103–128. arXiv:1807.05720. doi:10.1080/01441647.2018.1494640. ISSN 0144-1647. S2CID 49862783.
^ Maki, Sydney; Sage, Alexandria (19 March 2018). "Self-driving Uber car kills Arizona woman crossing street". Reuters. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
^ Thrun, Sebastian (2010). "Toward Robotic Cars". Communications of the ACM. 53 (4): 99–106. doi:10.1145/1721654.1721679. S2CID 207177792.
^ Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Bhowmick, P.; Ding, Z.; Arvin, F. (2022). "Distributed Motion Planning for Safe Autonomous Vehicle Overtaking via Artificial Potential Field". IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 23 (11): 21531–21547. doi:10.1109/TITS.2022.3189741. S2CID 250588120. Retrieved 2 February 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Gehrig, Stefan K.; Stein, Fridtjof J. (1999). Dead reckoning and cartography using stereo vision for an automated car. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Vol. 3. Kyongju. pp. 1507–1512. doi:10.1109/IROS.1999.811692. ISBN 0-7803-5184-3.
^ Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Ding, Z.; Arvin, F. (2023). "Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control for Connected Autonomous Vehicles Using Spring Damping Energy Model". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 72 (3): 2974–2987. doi:10.1109/TVT.2022.3218575. S2CID 253359200. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
^ "Waymo's Robotaxis are Hitting the Highway, A First For Self Driving Cars". Forbes.
^ Vijayenthiran, Viknesh (2 February 2022). "Cruise opens up driverless taxi service to public in San Francisco". Motor Authority. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
^ Cite error: The named reference Honda-Legend was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference mainichi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference car_and_driver_2021-03 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Mercedes-Benz self-driving car technology approved for use". Feet News. 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
^ https://en.prnasia.com/releases/global/baidu-launches-china-s-first-24-7-robotaxi-service-439171.shtml
^ https://autonews.gasgoo.com/m/70031096.html#:~:text=Being%20the%20world's%20largest%20autonomous,year%2Don%2Dyear%20growth.
^ https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/baidu-launches-commercial-fully-driverless-ride-hailing-service-in-shenzhen-expanding-nationwide-operations-301853087.html
^ Staff, The Robot Report (14 September 2021). "DeepRoute.ai closes $300M Series B funding round". The Robot Report.

[:5-1] Taeihagh, Araz; Lim, Hazel Si Min (2 January 2019). "Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks". Transport Reviews. 39 (1): 103–128. arXiv:1807.05720. doi:10.1080/01441647.2018.1494640. ISSN 0144-1647. S2CID 49862783.

[2] Maki, Sydney; Sage, Alexandria (19 March 2018). "Self-driving Uber car kills Arizona woman crossing street". Reuters. Retrieved 14 April 2019.

[thrun2010toward-3] Thrun, Sebastian (2010). "Toward Robotic Cars". Communications of the ACM. 53 (4): 99–106. doi:10.1145/1721654.1721679. S2CID 207177792.

[tits-4] Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Bhowmick, P.; Ding, Z.; Arvin, F. (2022). "Distributed Motion Planning for Safe Autonomous Vehicle Overtaking via Artificial Potential Field". IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 23 (11): 21531–21547. doi:10.1109/TITS.2022.3189741. S2CID 250588120. Retrieved 2 February 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] Gehrig, Stefan K.; Stein, Fridtjof J. (1999). Dead reckoning and cartography using stereo vision for an automated car. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Vol. 3. Kyongju. pp. 1507–1512. doi:10.1109/IROS.1999.811692. ISBN 0-7803-5184-3.

[tvt-6] Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Ding, Z.; Arvin, F. (2023). "Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control for Connected Autonomous Vehicles Using Spring Damping Energy Model". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 72 (3): 2974–2987. doi:10.1109/TVT.2022.3218575. S2CID 253359200. Retrieved 1 February 2024.

[7] "Waymo's Robotaxis are Hitting the Highway, A First For Self Driving Cars". Forbes.

[:0-8] Vijayenthiran, Viknesh (2 February 2022). "Cruise opens up driverless taxi service to public in San Francisco". Motor Authority. Retrieved 27 March 2022.

[Honda-Legend-9] Cite error: The named reference Honda-Legend was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[mainichi-10] Cite error: The named reference mainichi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[car_and_driver_2021-03-11] Cite error: The named reference car_and_driver_2021-03 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Mercedes_2021-12-09-12] "Mercedes-Benz self-driving car technology approved for use". Feet News. 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.

[13] ttps://en.prnasia.com/releases/global/baidu-launches-china-s-first-24-7-robotaxi-service-439171.shtml

[14] ttps://autonews.gasgoo.com/m/70031096.html#:~:text=Being%20the%20world's%20largest%20autonomous,year%2Don%2Dyear%20growth.

[15] ttps://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/baidu-launches-commercial-fully-driverless-ride-hailing-service-in-shenzhen-expanding-nationwide-operations-301853087.html

[:9-16] Staff, The Robot Report (14 September 2021). "DeepRoute.ai closes $300M Series B funding round". The Robot Report.

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