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Shanghai
上海 | |
|---|---|
| Municipality of Shanghai | |
Skyline of Lujiazui from Zhapulu Bridge | |
| Etymology: 上海浦 (Shànghăi pǔ) "The original name of the Huangpu River | |
 | |
.svg) Location of Shanghai Municipality in China | |
| Coordinates (People's Square): 31°13′43″N 121°28′29″E / 31.22861°N 121.47472°E | |
| Country | China |
| Region | East China |
| Settled | c. 4000 BCE[1][dubious ] |
| Establishment of - Qinglong Town | 746[2] |
| - Huating County | 751[3] |
| - Shanghai County | 1292[4] |
| - Municipality | 7 July 1927 |
| Municipal seat | Huangpu District |
| Divisions - County-level - Township- level |
|
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipality |
| • Body | Shanghai Municipal People's Congress |
| • CCP Secretary | Chen Jining |
| • Congress Chairwoman | Huang Lixin |
| • Mayor | Gong Zheng |
| • Municipal CPPCC Chairman | Hu Wenrong |
| • National People's Congress Representation | 57 deputies |
| Area | |
| • Municipality | 6,341 km2 (2,448 sq mi) |
| • Water | 697 km2 (269 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 14,922.7 km2 (5,761.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 4 m (13 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 118 m (387 ft) |
| Population (2022)[9] | |
| • Municipality | 26,875,500 |
| • Rank | 1st in China |
| • Density | 4,200/km2 (11,000/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 40,000,000 |
| • Metro density | 2,700/km2 (6,900/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Shanghainese |
| GDP[11] | |
| • Municipality |
|
| • Per capita |
|
| Time zone | UTC+08:00 (CST) |
| Postal code | 200000–202100 |
| Area code | 21 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-SH |
| – Growth |  −0.2% |
| HDI (2021) | 0.880[12] (2nd) – very high |
| License plate prefixes |
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| Abbreviation | SH / 沪 (Hù) |
| City flower | Yulan magnolia |
| Languages | |
| Website | |
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Shanghai[a] is one of the four direct-administered municipalities of China. The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River flowing through it. The population of the city proper is the third largest in the world, with around 29.2 million inhabitants in 2023, while the urban area is the most populous in China, with 39.3 million residents. As of 2018, the Greater Shanghai metropolitan area was estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product (nominal) of nearly 9.1 trillion RMB ($1.33 trillion). Shanghai is one of the world's major centers for finance, business and economics, research, science and technology, manufacturing, transportation, tourism, and culture. The Port of Shanghai is the world's busiest container port.
Originally a fishing village and market town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to both domestic and foreign trade and its favorable port location. The city was one of five treaty ports forced to open to European trade after the First Opium War which ceded Hong Kong to the United Kingdom, following the Second Battle of Chuenpi in 1841, more than 60 km (37 mi) east of the Portuguese colony of Macau that was also controlled by Portugal following the Luso-Chinese agreement of 1554. The Shanghai International Settlement and the French Concession were subsequently established. The city then flourished, becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of Asia in the 1930s. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the city was the site of the major Battle of Shanghai. After the war, the Chinese Civil War soon resumed between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), with the latter eventually taking over the city and most of the mainland. From the 1950s to the 1970s, trade was mostly limited to other socialist countries in the Eastern Bloc, causing the city's global influence to decline during the Cold War.
Major changes of fortune for the city would occur when economic reforms initiated by paramount leader Deng Xiaoping during the 1980s resulted in an intense redevelopment and revitalization of the city by the 1990s, especially the Pudong New Area, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment. The city has since re-emerged as a hub for international trade and finance. It is the home of the Shanghai Stock Exchange, one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization and the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone, the first free-trade zone in mainland China. Shanghai has been classified as an Alpha+ (global first-tier) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. As of 2022, it is home to 12 companies of the Fortune Global 500 and is ranked 4th on the Global Financial Centres Index. The city is also a global major center for research and development and home to numerous Double First-Class Universities. The Shanghai Metro, first opened in 1993, is the largest metro network in the world by route length.
Shanghai has been described as the "showpiece" of the economy of China. Featuring several architectural styles such as Art Deco and shikumen, the city is renowned for its Lujiazui skyline, museums and historic buildings including the City God Temple, Yu Garden, the China Pavilion and buildings along the Bund, which includes Oriental Pearl Tower. Shanghai is also known for its cuisine, local language, and international flair.[peacock prose] Shanghai ranks sixth in the list of cities with the most skyscrapers and it is one of the biggest economic hubs in the world.
- ^ "The Shanghainese of 6000 Years Ago – the Majiabang Culture". Shanghai Qingpu Museum. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
kaoguwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ New Book of Tang, vol. 41 (《新唐書·卷四十一》): "Huating County, a greater county, established in the tenth year of Tianbao (751), which splits the Jiaxing Prefecture". (華亭。上。天寶十載析嘉興置。)
- ^ 上海镇、上海县、上海县城考录 (in Chinese). Government of Shanghai. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
- ^ "Doing Business in China – Survey". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 26 May 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- ^ "Land Area". Basic Facts. Shanghai Municipal People's Government. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
waterresourceswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
topowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
- ^ "Major Agglomerations of the World – Population Statistics and Maps".
- ^ "National Data". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ "Subnational Human Development Index". Global Data Lab China. 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ Cox, W. (2018). Demographia World Urban Areas. 14th Annual Edition (PDF). St. Louis: Demographia. p. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
- ^ "Shanghai". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020.
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