Attenuated vaccine

An attenuated vaccine (or a live attenuated vaccine, LAV) is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or "live").^[1] Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent.^[2] These vaccines contrast to those produced by "killing" the pathogen (inactivated vaccine).

Attenuated vaccines stimulate a strong and effective immune response that is long-lasting.^[3] In comparison to inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines produce a stronger and more durable immune response with a quick immunity onset.^[4]^[5]^[6] They are generally avoided in pregnancy and in patients with severe immunodeficiencies.^[7] Attenuated vaccines function by encouraging the body to create antibodies and memory immune cells in response to the specific pathogen which the vaccine protects against.^[8] Common examples of live attenuated vaccines are measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, and some influenza vaccines.^[3]

^ Badgett, Marty R.; Auer, Alexandra; Carmichael, Leland E.; Parrish, Colin R.; Bull, James J. (October 2002). "Evolutionary Dynamics of Viral Attenuation". Journal of Virology. 76 (20): 10524–10529. doi:10.1128/JVI.76.20.10524-10529.2002. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 136581. PMID 12239331.
^ Pulendran, Bali; Ahmed, Rafi (June 2011). "Immunological mechanisms of vaccination". Nature Immunology. 12 (6): 509–517. doi:10.1038/ni.2039. ISSN 1529-2908. PMC 3253344. PMID 21739679.
^ ^a ^b "Vaccine Types | Vaccines". www.vaccines.gov. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
^ Gil, Carmen; Latasa, Cristina; García-Ona, Enrique; Lázaro, Isidro; Labairu, Javier; Echeverz, Maite; Burgui, Saioa; García, Begoña; Lasa, Iñigo; Solano, Cristina (2020). "A DIVA vaccine strain lacking RpoS and the secondary messenger c-di-GMP for protection against salmonellosis in pigs". Veterinary Research. 51 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/s13567-019-0730-3. ISSN 0928-4249. PMC 6954585. PMID 31924274.
^ Tretyakova, Irina; Lukashevich, Igor S.; Glass, Pamela; Wang, Eryu; Weaver, Scott; Pushko, Peter (4 February 2013). "Novel Vaccine against Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Combines Advantages of DNA Immunization and a Live Attenuated Vaccine". Vaccine. 31 (7): 1019–1025. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.050. ISSN 0264-410X. PMC 3556218. PMID 23287629.
^ Zou, Jing; Xie, Xuping; Luo, Huanle; Shan, Chao; Muruato, Antonio E.; Weaver, Scott C.; Wang, Tian; Shi, Pei-Yong (7 September 2018). "A single-dose plasmid-launched live-attenuated Zika vaccine induces protective immunity". eBioMedicine. 36: 92–102. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.056. ISSN 2352-3964. PMC 6197676. PMID 30201444.
^ "ACIP Altered Immunocompetence Guidelines for Immunizations | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
^ Cite error: The named reference :02 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1] Badgett, Marty R.; Auer, Alexandra; Carmichael, Leland E.; Parrish, Colin R.; Bull, James J. (October 2002). "Evolutionary Dynamics of Viral Attenuation". Journal of Virology. 76 (20): 10524–10529. doi:10.1128/JVI.76.20.10524-10529.2002. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 136581. PMID 12239331.

[2] Pulendran, Bali; Ahmed, Rafi (June 2011). "Immunological mechanisms of vaccination". Nature Immunology. 12 (6): 509–517. doi:10.1038/ni.2039. ISSN 1529-2908. PMC 3253344. PMID 21739679.

[:132-3] "Vaccine Types | Vaccines". www.vaccines.gov. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

[:52-4] Gil, Carmen; Latasa, Cristina; García-Ona, Enrique; Lázaro, Isidro; Labairu, Javier; Echeverz, Maite; Burgui, Saioa; García, Begoña; Lasa, Iñigo; Solano, Cristina (2020). "A DIVA vaccine strain lacking RpoS and the secondary messenger c-di-GMP for protection against salmonellosis in pigs". Veterinary Research. 51 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/s13567-019-0730-3. ISSN 0928-4249. PMC 6954585. PMID 31924274.

[:62-5] Tretyakova, Irina; Lukashevich, Igor S.; Glass, Pamela; Wang, Eryu; Weaver, Scott; Pushko, Peter (4 February 2013). "Novel Vaccine against Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Combines Advantages of DNA Immunization and a Live Attenuated Vaccine". Vaccine. 31 (7): 1019–1025. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.050. ISSN 0264-410X. PMC 3556218. PMID 23287629.

[:72-6] Zou, Jing; Xie, Xuping; Luo, Huanle; Shan, Chao; Muruato, Antonio E.; Weaver, Scott C.; Wang, Tian; Shi, Pei-Yong (7 September 2018). "A single-dose plasmid-launched live-attenuated Zika vaccine induces protective immunity". eBioMedicine. 36: 92–102. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.056. ISSN 2352-3964. PMC 6197676. PMID 30201444.

[7] "ACIP Altered Immunocompetence Guidelines for Immunizations | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.

[:02-8] Cite error: The named reference :02 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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