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Bengal[a] (Bengali: বঙ্গ, romanized: Bôṅgo, pronounced [ˈbɔŋgo] ⓘ) or endonym Bangla (Bengali: বাংলা, romanized: Bāṅlā, pronounced [ˈbaŋlaˑ] ⓘ) is a historical geographical, ethnolinguistic and cultural term referring to a region in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. The region of Bengal proper is divided between modern-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. The Indian states of Assam, Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattishgarh and Tripura as well as the union territory of Andaman and Nicobar islands have a sizeable Bengali population. A large Bengali diaspora exists across the world. Bengali is the sixth-most spoken language in the world.
The ancient Vanga Kingdom is widely regarded as the namesake of the Bengal region.[3] The Bengali calendar dates back to the reign of Shashanka in the 7th century. The Pala Empire was founded in Bengal during the 8th century. The Sena dynasty and Deva dynasty ruled between the 11th and 13th centuries. By the 14th century, Bengal was absorbed by Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent. An independent Bengal Sultanate was formed and became the eastern frontier of the Islamic world.[4][5][6] During this period, Bengal's rule and influence spread to Assam, Arakan, Tripura, Bihar, and Orissa.[7][8] Bengal Subah later emerged as a prosperous part of the Mughal Empire.
The last independent Nawab of Bengal was defeated in 1757 at the Battle of Plassey by the East India Company. The company's Bengal Presidency grew into the largest administrative unit of British India with Calcutta as the capital of both Bengal and India until 1911. As a result of the first partition of Bengal, a short-lived province called Eastern Bengal and Assam existed between 1905 and 1911 with its capital in the former Mughal capital Dhaka. Following the Sylhet referendum and votes by the Bengal Legislative Council and Bengal Legislative Assembly, the region was again divided along religious lines in 1947.
Bengali culture, particularly its literature, music, art and cinema, are well known in South Asia and beyond. The region is also notable for its economic and social scientists, which includes several Nobel laureates. Once home to the city with the highest per capita income level in British India,[9][10] the region is today a leader in South Asia in terms of gender parity, the gender pay gap and other indices of human development.[11][12][13][14][15]
- ^ "Bengal". The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN 0-550-10105-5.
- ^ "Oxford Dictionaries". Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
- ^ "Vanga | ancient kingdom, India". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ^ "The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760".
- ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
- ^ "Know your history". 27 November 2022.
- ^ David Lewis (31 October 2011). Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-1-139-50257-3.
- ^ Perween Hasan (2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. I.B.Tauris. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-84511-381-0. "[Husayn Shah pushed] its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. Unable to make any gains, Sikandar Lodhi returned home after concluding a peace treaty with the Bengal sultan."
- ^ "Looking ahead retrospectively: A Bangladeshi perspective | ORF".
- ^ "Reviving the Bengal Presidency template of connectivity". 8 October 2018.
- ^ "Why West Bengal is like Canada, and Bihar like Swaziland". 25 December 2014.
- ^ "Bangladesh ahead of India in social indicators: Amartya". 23 February 2015.
- ^ "Bangladesh is better off than India, not a poor, backward neighbour anymore". 11 October 2018.
- ^ "New directions for human development in Bangladesh".
- ^ "Bangladesh marches ahead of India in Global Gender Gap Index". The Times of India.
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