Charvaka

Samkhya	Kapila;
Yoga	Patanjali;
Vaisheshika	Kanada, Prashastapada;
Secular	Valluvar;

Charvaka (Sanskrit: चार्वाक; IAST: Cārvāka), also known as Lokāyata, is an ancient school of Indian materialism.^[1] It is considered as one example of the atheistic schools in the Ancient Indian philosophies.^[a]^[3]^[b]^[5]^[c] Charvaka holds direct perception, empiricism, and conditional inference as proper sources of knowledge, embraces philosophical skepticism and rejects ritualism.^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] It was a well-attested belief system in ancient India.^[d]

Brihaspati, a philosopher, is traditionally referred to as the founder of Charvaka or Lokāyata philosophy, although some scholars dispute this.^[10]^[11] Charvaka developed during the Hindu reformation period in the first millennium BCE, after Buddhism was established by Gautama Buddha and Jainism was re-organized by Parshvanatha.^[12] Its teachings have been compiled from historic secondary literature such as those found in the shastras, sutras, and Indian epic poetry.^[13]

In other words, the Charvaka epistemology states that whenever one infers a truth from a set of observations or truths, one must acknowledge doubt; inferred knowledge is conditional.^[14]

Charvaka is categorized as one of the nāstika or "heterodox" schools of Indian philosophy.^[15]^[16]

^ Seema Chishti (21 August 2018). "Indian rationalism, Charvaka to Narendra Dabholkar". The Indian Express.
^ Thomas 2014, pp. 164–165.
^ Raman 2012, pp. 549–574.
^ ^a ^b Tiwari 1998, p. 67.
^ Cooke 2006, p. 84.
^ Perrett 1984, pp. 161–174.
^ Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 21–32.
^ Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957, pp. 187, 227–234.
^ Flint 1899, p. 463.
^ Bhattacharya 2002.
^ Jeaneane Fowler (2015). A. C. Grayling (ed.). The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 114 with footnote 17. ISBN 978-1-119-97717-9.
^ Quack 2011, p. 50:See footnote 3
^ Balcerowicz, Piotr (2016), "Jayarāśi", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 8 July 2020
^ Kamal 1998, pp. 13–16.
^ Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957, pp. 1–3, Contents.
^ Flood 1996, p. 224.

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[1] Seema Chishti (21 August 2018). "Indian rationalism, Charvaka to Narendra Dabholkar". The Indian Express.

[FOOTNOTEThomas2014164–165-2] Thomas 2014, pp. 164–165.

[FOOTNOTERaman2012549–574-4] Raman 2012, pp. 549–574.

[FOOTNOTETiwari199867-5] Tiwari 1998, p. 67.

[FOOTNOTECooke200684-7] Cooke 2006, p. 84.

[FOOTNOTEPerrett1984161–174-9] Perrett 1984, pp. 161–174.

[FOOTNOTEBhattacharya201121–32-10] Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 21–32.

[FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore1957187,_227–234-11] Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957, pp. 187, 227–234.

[FOOTNOTEFlint1899463-12] Flint 1899, p. 463.

[FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2002-14] Bhattacharya 2002.

[:1-15] Jeaneane Fowler (2015). A. C. Grayling (ed.). The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 114 with footnote 17. ISBN 978-1-119-97717-9.

[FOOTNOTEQuack201150-16] Quack 2011, p. 50:See footnote 3

[17] Balcerowicz, Piotr (2016), "Jayarāśi", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 8 July 2020

[FOOTNOTEKamal199813–16-18] Kamal 1998, pp. 13–16.

[FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore19571–3,_Contents-19] Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957, pp. 1–3, Contents.

[FOOTNOTEFlood1996224-20] Flood 1996, p. 224.

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