Display rules

^[1]Display rules are a social group or culture's informal norms that distinguish how one should express oneself. They function as a way to maintain the social order of a given culture, creating an expected standard of behaviour to guide people in their interactions. Display rules can help to decrease situational ambiguity, help individuals to be accepted by their social groups, and can help groups to increase their group efficacy. ^[1]They can be described as culturally prescribed rules that people learn early on in their lives by interactions and socializations with other people.^[2] Members of a social group learn these cultural standards at a young age which determine when one would express certain emotions, where and to what extent.

Emotions can be conveyed through both non-verbal interactions such as facial expressions, hand gestures and body language as well as verbal interactions. People are able to intensify emotions in certain situations such as smiling widely even when they receive a gift that they are not happy about or "masking" their negative emotions with a polite smile. As well, people learn to de-intensify emotions in situations such as suppressing the urge to laugh when somebody falls or neutralizing their emotions such as maintaining a serious poker face after being dealt a good hand.^[3] Display rules determine how we act and to what extent an emotion is expressed in any given situation. They are often used to protect one's own self-image or those of another person.

The understanding of display rules is a complex, multifaceted task. Display rules are understood differentially depending upon their mode of expression (verbal/facial) and the motivation for their use (prosocial/self-protective).^[4]

^ ^a ^b Matsumoto, David (2008). "Mapping expressive differences around the world: The relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 39 (1): 3–124. doi:10.1177/0022022107311854. hdl:1822/29563 – via Sage Journals.
^ Safdar, Saba; Matsumoto, David (2009). "Variations of Emotional Display Rules Within and Across Cultures: A Comparison Between Canada, USA, and Japan" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. 41: 1–10. doi:10.1037/a0014387. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
^ Thomas, Gilovich; Keltner, Dacher; Chen, Serena; Nisbett, Richard E. (2016). Social psychology (Fourth ed.). New York. ISBN 9780393938968. OCLC 794032898.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Gnepp, J.; Hess, D.L.R. (1986). "Children's understanding of verbal and facial display rules". Developmental Psychology. 22 (1): 103–108. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.1.103.

[:9-1] Matsumoto, David (2008). "Mapping expressive differences around the world: The relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 39 (1): 3–124. doi:10.1177/0022022107311854. hdl:1822/29563 – via Sage Journals.

[:12-2] Safdar, Saba; Matsumoto, David (2009). "Variations of Emotional Display Rules Within and Across Cultures: A Comparison Between Canada, USA, and Japan" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. 41: 1–10. doi:10.1037/a0014387. Retrieved 2015-04-16.

[:0-3] Thomas, Gilovich; Keltner, Dacher; Chen, Serena; Nisbett, Richard E. (2016). Social psychology (Fourth ed.). New York. ISBN 9780393938968. OCLC 794032898.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[4] Gnepp, J.; Hess, D.L.R. (1986). "Children's understanding of verbal and facial display rules". Developmental Psychology. 22 (1): 103–108. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.1.103.

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