Back Linus Pauling Afrikaans Linus Pauling AN لينوس باولنغ Arabic لينوس باولنج ARZ Linus Pauling AST Linus Pauling Aymara Laynus Polinq Azerbaijani لینوس پاولینق AZB Лайнус Полінг Byelorussian Лайнус Карл Полінг BE-X-OLD
Linus Carl Pauling FRS (/ˈpɔːlɪŋ/ PAW-ling; February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994)[4] was an American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics.[5] New Scientist called him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time.[6] For his scientific work, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. For his peace activism, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. He is one of five people to have won more than one Nobel Prize (the others being Marie Curie, John Bardeen, Frederick Sanger, and Karl Barry Sharpless).[7] Of these, he is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes,[8] and one of two people to be awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields, the other being Marie Curie.[7]
Pauling was one of the founders of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology.[9] His contributions to the theory of the chemical bond include the concept of orbital hybridisation and the first accurate scale of electronegativities of the elements. Pauling also worked on the structures of biological molecules, and showed the importance of the alpha helix and beta sheet in protein secondary structure. Pauling's approach combined methods and results from X-ray crystallography, molecular model building, and quantum chemistry. His discoveries inspired the work of Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins on the structure of DNA, which in turn made it possible for geneticists to crack the DNA code of all organisms.[10]
In his later years, he promoted nuclear disarmament, as well as orthomolecular medicine, megavitamin therapy,[11] and dietary supplements, especially ascorbic acid (commonly known as Vitamin C). None of his ideas concerning the medical usefulness of large doses of vitamins have gained much acceptance in the mainstream scientific community.[6][12] He was married to the American human rights activist Ava Helen Pauling.
- ^ a b Linus Pauling at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- ^ "A Guggenheim Fellow in Europe during the Golden Years of Physics (1926–1927)". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2015-05-27.
- ^ ———— (1925). The determination with x-rays of the structures of crystals (PhD thesis). California Institute of Technology. doi:10.7907/F7V6-4P98. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ "Linus Pauling: Facts". Nobel Prize. Archived from the original on 2022-04-04. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ ———— (1997). Pauling, Linus Jr. (ed.). Selected papers of Linus Pauling (Volume I ed.). River Edge, New Jersey: World Scientific. p. xvii. ISBN 978-981-02-2939-9.
- ^ a b Horgan, J (1993). "Profile: Linus C. Pauling – Stubbornly Ahead of His Time". Scientific American. Vol. 266, no. 3. pp. 36–40. Bibcode:1993SciAm.266c..36H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0393-36.
- ^ a b Linus Pauling on Nobelprize.org , accessed 30 April 2020
- ^ "Nobel Prize Facts". Nobel Prize. 2022-04-12 [2009-10-05]. Archived from the original on 2017-01-11. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ Rich, Alexander (1994). "Linus Pauling (1901–1994)". Nature. 371 (6495): 285. Bibcode:1994Natur.371..285R. doi:10.1038/371285a0. PMID 8090196. S2CID 8923975.
- ^ Gribbin, John (2004). The Scientists: A History of Science Told Through the Lives of Its Greatest Inventors. New York City: Random House. pp. 558–569. ISBN 978-0-8129-6788-3. OL 8020832M.
- ^ Stone, Irwin (1982). The healing factor: "vitamin C" against disease. New York: Perigee Books. ISBN 978-0-399-50764-9. OCLC 10169988. OL 9567597M – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Offit, Paul (2013-07-19). "The Vitamin Myth: Why We Think We Need Supplements". The Atlantic. ISSN 2151-9463. OCLC 936540106. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
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