Nephrite

Nephrite
Nephrite
	Nephrite from Jordanów Śląski (Poland)
General
Category	Inosilicate
Formula; (repeating unit)	Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
Crystal system	monoclinic
Identification
Color	Translucent to opaque and often mottled. Light to dark green, yellow to brown, white, gray, black.
Crystal habit	massive
Fracture	splintery to granular
Mohs scale hardness	6.0 to 6.5
Luster	dull
Specific gravity	2.95+0.15; −0.05
Polish luster	vitreous to greasy
Optical properties	Double refractive with anomalous aggregate reaction
Refractive index	1.606 to 1.632+0.009; −0.006
Birefringence	usually not detectable
Pleochroism	none
Ultraviolet fluorescence	inert
Absorption spectra	Vague line may be present at 500 nm, but rarely any lines. Rarely, in stones of exceptional gem quality, vague lines in the red part of the spectrum may be seen.

Nephrite is a variety of the calcium, magnesium, and iron-rich amphibole minerals tremolite or actinolite (aggregates of which also make up one form of asbestos). The chemical formula for nephrite is Ca₂(Mg, Fe)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂.^[1] It is one of two different mineral species called jade. The other mineral species known as jade is jadeite, which is a variety of pyroxene. While nephrite jade possesses mainly grays and greens (and occasionally yellows, browns, black or whites), jadeite jade, which is rarer, can also contain blacks, reds, pinks and violets. Nephrite jade is an ornamental stone used in carvings, beads, or cabochon cut gemstones. Nephrite is also the official state mineral of Wyoming.

Nephrite can be found in a translucent white to very light yellow form which is known in China as mutton fat jade,^[1] in an opaque white to very light brown or gray which is known as chicken bone jade,^[1] as well as in a variety of green colors. Western Canada is the principal source of modern lapidary nephrite.^[2] Nephrite jade was used mostly in pre-1800 China as well as in New Zealand, the Pacific Coast and Atlantic Coasts of North America, Neolithic Europe, and southeast Asia.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Gem Reference Guide. Gemological Institute of America. 1988. ISBN 0-87311-019-6.
^ Kirk Makepeace, George J. Simandl, Jade (Nephrite) in British Columbia, Canada Archived 2016-10-31 at the Wayback Machine; in G.J. Simandl, W.J. McMillan and N.D. Robinson, (editors), 37th Annual Forum on Industrial Minerals Proceedings, Industrial Minerals with emphasis on Western North America, Paper 2004-2-57, pages 287–288 (2004). Accessed October 30, 2016

[GRG-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Gem Reference Guide. Gemological Institute of America. 1988. ISBN 0-87311-019-6.

[2] Kirk Makepeace, George J. Simandl, Jade (Nephrite) in British Columbia, Canada Archived 2016-10-31 at the Wayback Machine; in G.J. Simandl, W.J. McMillan and N.D. Robinson, (editors), 37th Annual Forum on Industrial Minerals Proceedings, Industrial Minerals with emphasis on Western North America, Paper 2004-2-57, pages 287–288 (2004). Accessed October 30, 2016

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