Old Mandarin

Old Mandarin
Old Mandarin
Early Mandarin
Region	North China Plain
Era	12th to 14th centuries
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Mandarin Old Mandarin; ; ; ;
Early forms	Old Chinese Middle Chinese ;
Writing system	Chinese characters, ʼPhags-pa script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	古官話
Simplified Chinese	古官话
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Gǔ Guānhuà
Early Mandarin
Traditional Chinese	早期官話
Simplified Chinese	早期官话
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Zǎoqí Guānhuà

Old Mandarin or Early Mandarin was the speech of northern China during the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty and the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (12th to 14th centuries). New genres of vernacular literature were based on this language, including verse, drama and story forms, such as the qu and sanqu.

The phonology of Old Mandarin has been inferred from the ʼPhags-pa script, an alphabet created in 1269 for several languages of the Mongol empire, including Chinese, and from two rime dictionaries, the Menggu Ziyun (1308) and the Zhongyuan Yinyun (1324). The rhyme books differ in some details but show many of the features characteristic of modern Mandarin dialects, such as the reduction and disappearance of final stops and the reorganization of the four tones of Middle Chinese.