Timber rattlesnake

Timber rattlesnake; Temporal range: Miocene – Present
	A wild C. horridus encountered within Cooper's Rock State Forest, West Virginia, United States.
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
	; Apparently Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Genus:	Crotalus
Species:	C. horridus
Binomial name
	Crotalus horridus; Linnaeus, 1758
	Timber rattlesnake range
Synonyms
	Crotalus horridus Linnaeus, 1758; Crotalus boiquira Lacépède, 1789; Crotalus atricaudatus Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801; Crotalus zetazomae Brickell, 1805; Crotalinus cyanurus ; Rafinesque, 1818; Crotalus catesbaei ; Hemprich, 1820; Crotalurus cyanurus ; – Rafinesque, 1820; Caudisona horrida ; – Fleming, 1822; Crotalus horidus Gray, 1825; (ex errore); Crotalus durissus var. concolor ; Jan, 1859; Crotalus durissus var. melanurus Jan, 1859; Crotalus durissus var. mexicana Jan, 1863; Crotalus fasciatus Higgins, 1873; Crotalus horridus var. atricaudatus – Garman, 1884; Crotalus horridus ; – Boulenger, 1896; Crotalus durissus cincolor ; Notestein, 1905 (ex errore); Crotalus horridus horridus ; – Gloyd, 1935; Crotalus horridus atricaudatus ; – Gloyd, 1935; Crotalus horridus ; – Collins & Knight, 1980;

The timber rattlesnake, canebrake rattlesnake, or banded rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus)^[6] is a species of pit viper endemic to eastern North America. Like all other pit vipers, it is venomous, with a very toxic bite.^[7] C. horridus is the only rattlesnake species in most of the populous Northeastern United States and is second only to its relatives to the west, the prairie rattlesnake, as the most northerly distributed venomous snake in North America.^[8]^[9] No subspecies are currently recognized.^[10]^[11]

^ Parmley, Dennis (1995). "Hemphillian (Late Miocene) snakes from Nebraska, with comments on Arikareean through Blancan snakes of midcontinental North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (1): 79–95. Bibcode:1995JVPal..15...79P. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011208. S2CID 129349031.
^ Hammerson, G.A. (2007). "Crotalus horridus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T64318A12765920. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64318A12765920.en. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
^ NatureServe (2 June 2023). "Crotalus horridus". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
^ U.S. Geological Survey (2017). "Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) rTIRAx_CONUS_2001v1 Range Map". Gap Analysis Project. doi:10.5066/F7BR8R5P.
^ McDiarmid RW [fr], Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
^ Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. (in two volumes). ISBN 0-8014-0463-0. (Crotalus horridus, pp. 956–966.)
^ Rokyta, Darin R.; Wray, Kenneth P.; Margres, Mark J. (2013). "The genesis of an exceptionally lethal venom in the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) revealed through comparative venom-gland transcriptomics". BMC Genomics. 14: 394. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-394. PMC 3701607. PMID 23758969.
^ Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. (First published in 1958). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Crotalus horridus, pp. 233–235 + Plate 35 + Map 178.)
^ Brown WS (1991). Female Reproductive Ecology in a Northern Population of the Timber Rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus ". Herpetologica 47 (1): 101-115.
^ Cite error: The named reference NRDB was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Crotalus horridus ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 March 2023.

[1] Parmley, Dennis (1995). "Hemphillian (Late Miocene) snakes from Nebraska, with comments on Arikareean through Blancan snakes of midcontinental North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (1): 79–95. Bibcode:1995JVPal..15...79P. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011208. S2CID 129349031.

[IUCN-2] Hammerson, G.A. (2007). "Crotalus horridus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T64318A12765920. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64318A12765920.en. Retrieved 9 November 2022.

[3] NatureServe (2 June 2023). "Crotalus horridus". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 25 June 2023.

[4] U.S. Geological Survey (2017). "Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) rTIRAx_CONUS_2001v1 Range Map". Gap Analysis Project. doi:10.5066/F7BR8R5P.

[McD99-5] McDiarmid RW [fr], Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).

[W&W57-6] Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. (in two volumes). ISBN 0-8014-0463-0. (Crotalus horridus, pp. 956–966.)

[7] Rokyta, Darin R.; Wray, Kenneth P.; Margres, Mark J. (2013). "The genesis of an exceptionally lethal venom in the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) revealed through comparative venom-gland transcriptomics". BMC Genomics. 14: 394. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-394. PMC 3701607. PMID 23758969.

[Con75-8] Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. (First published in 1958). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Crotalus horridus, pp. 233–235 + Plate 35 + Map 178.)

[9] Brown WS (1991). Female Reproductive Ecology in a Northern Population of the Timber Rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus ". Herpetologica 47 (1): 101-115.

[NRDB-10] Cite error: The named reference NRDB was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[ITIS-11] "Crotalus horridus ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 March 2023.

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Timber rattlesnake Temporal range: Miocene – Present^[1]

A wild C. horridus encountered within Cooper's Rock State Forest, West Virginia, United States.
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)^[2]
Apparently Secure (NatureServe)^[3]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Genus:	Crotalus
Species:	C. horridus
Binomial name
*Crotalus horridus* Linnaeus, 1758

Timber rattlesnake range^[4]
Synonyms^[5]
Crotalus horridus Linnaeus, 1758 Crotalus boiquira Lacépède, 1789 Crotalus atricaudatus Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 Crotalus zetazomae Brickell, 1805 Crotalinus cyanurus Rafinesque, 1818 Crotalus catesbaei Hemprich, 1820 Crotalurus cyanurus – Rafinesque, 1820 Caudisona horrida – Fleming, 1822 Crotalus horidus Gray, 1825 (ex errore) Crotalus durissus var. concolor Jan, 1859 Crotalus durissus var. melanurus Jan, 1859 Crotalus durissus var. mexicana Jan, 1863 Crotalus fasciatus Higgins, 1873 Crotalus horridus var. atricaudatus – Garman, 1884 Crotalus horridus – Boulenger, 1896 Crotalus durissus cincolor Notestein, 1905 (ex errore) Crotalus horridus horridus – Gloyd, 1935 Crotalus horridus atricaudatus – Gloyd, 1935 Crotalus horridus – Collins & Knight, 1980