Yama

Yama
Yama
God of Death
	A 19th-century painting of Yama on his mount
Other names	Dharmaraja, Yamaraja, Yammui
Devanagari	यम
Affiliation	Lokapala, Deva, Gana
Abode	Naraka (Yamaloka)
Planet	Pluto
Mantra	Om Surya putraya Vidmahe; Mahakalaya Dhimahi; Tanno Yama Prachodayat
Weapon	Danda, Noose and Mace
Mount	Buffalo
Personal information
Parents	Surya (father); Sanjna (mother);
Siblings	Yamuna, Ashvins, Shraddhadeva Manu, Revanta, Shani and Tapati
Consort	Dhumorna
Children	Sunita (daughter);; Yudhishthira (son)
Equivalents
Greek equivalent	Hades
Roman equivalent	Remus, Dis Pater, Pluto
Norse equivalent	Ymir
Manipuri equivalent	Thongalel
Egyptian equivalent	Osiris, Sokar

Yama (Sanskrit: यम, lit. 'twin'), also known as Kāla and Dharmarāja, is the Hindu god of death and justice, responsible for the dispensation of law and punishment of sinners in his abode, Naraka.^[12]^[13] He is often identified with Dharmadeva, the personification of Dharma, though the two deities have different origins and myths.^[14]

In Vedic tradition, Yama was considered to be the first mortal who died and espied the way to the celestial abodes;^[15] thus, as a result, he became the ruler of the departed.^[16] His role, characteristics, and abode have been expanded in texts such as the Upanishads, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas.

Yama is described as the twin of Yami, and the son of the sun god Surya (in earlier traditions Vivasvat) and Sanjna. He judges the souls of the dead and depending on their deeds, he assigns them to the realm of the Pitris (forefathers), Naraka (hell), or be reborn on the earth.

Yama is one of the Lokapalas (guardians of the realms), appointed as the protector of the south direction. He is often depicted as a dark-complexioned man, riding a buffalo and carrying a noose or mace to capture souls.^[17]

Yama was also adopted subsequently adopted by Buddhist, Chinese, Tibetan, Korean, and Japanese mythology as the king of hell. In modern culture, Yama has been depicted in various safety campaigns in India.

^ Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. Ed. by Edward Balfour. [Dr.:] Scottish and Adelphi Press. 1873.
^ "Planetary Linguistics". Archived from the original on December 17, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
^ Cite error: The named reference Mani was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Puranic Encyclopedia by Vettam Mani
^ Debroy, Bibek (2005). The History of Puranas. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-8090-062-4.
^ Daniélou, Alain (1991). The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 978-0-89281-354-4.
^ ^a ^b Mallory & Adams 1997, pp. 129–130.
^ Lincoln 1991, p. 33.
^ Lincoln 1975, p. 129.
^ Anthony 2007, pp. 134–135.
^ "Glimpses of Manipuri Language, Literature, and Culture". 1970.
^ "Yama". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
^ Shrinivasa M. (Jan 10, 2020). "A temple for Yamaraj in Mandya district | Mysuru News". The Times of India. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
^ Dalal, Roshen (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9780143415176.
^ "Yama And Markandeya – Chapter – 1 "Introduction" – Wattpad". www.wattpad.com. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
^ Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1995). Vedic Mythology. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 172. ISBN 978-8120811133.
^ Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[1] Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. Ed. by Edward Balfour. [Dr.:] Scottish and Adelphi Press. 1873.

[nineplan-2] "Planetary Linguistics". Archived from the original on December 17, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2007.

[Mani-3] Cite error: The named reference Mani was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[5] Puranic Encyclopedia by Vettam Mani

[Debroy-6] Debroy, Bibek (2005). The History of Puranas. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-8090-062-4.

[Danielou-7] Daniélou, Alain (1991). The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 978-0-89281-354-4.

[FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997129–130-9] Mallory & Adams 1997, pp. 129–130.

[FOOTNOTELincoln199133-10] Lincoln 1991, p. 33.

[FOOTNOTELincoln1975129-11] Lincoln 1975, p. 129.

[FOOTNOTEAnthony2007134–135-12] Anthony 2007, pp. 134–135.

[13] "Glimpses of Manipuri Language, Literature, and Culture". 1970.

[AncientYama-14] "Yama". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 January 2021.

[15] Shrinivasa M. (Jan 10, 2020). "A temple for Yamaraj in Mandya district | Mysuru News". The Times of India. Retrieved 2020-12-13.

[Dalal-16] Dalal, Roshen (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9780143415176.

[17] "Yama And Markandeya – Chapter – 1 "Introduction" – Wattpad". www.wattpad.com. Retrieved 9 January 2021.

[18] Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1995). Vedic Mythology. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 172. ISBN 978-8120811133.

[VM-19] Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0.

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Yama
God of Death^[1]
A 19th-century painting of Yama on his mount
Other names	Dharmaraja, Yamaraja, Yammui
Devanagari	यम
Affiliation	Lokapala, Deva, Gana
Abode	Naraka (Yamaloka)
Planet	Pluto^[2]
Mantra	Om Surya putraya Vidmahe Mahakalaya Dhimahi Tanno Yama Prachodayat
Weapon	Danda, Noose and Mace
Mount	Buffalo
Personal information
Parents	Surya (father) Sanjna (mother)
Siblings	Yamuna, Ashvins, Shraddhadeva Manu, Revanta, Shani and Tapati
Consort	Dhumorna^[4]^[b]
Children	Sunita (daughter); Yudhishthira (son)^[a]
Equivalents
Greek equivalent	Hades
Roman equivalent	Remus,^[7] Dis Pater, Pluto^[8]
Norse equivalent	Ymir^[9]^[10]^[7]
Manipuri equivalent	Thongalel^[11]
Egyptian equivalent	Osiris, Sokar