Mujer

Símbolo de Venus que representa a la mujer, la feminidad o el sexo femenino en zoología y botánica^[1] por una convención introducida por Carlos Linneo en la década de 1750.^[2]

Paradigma que representa a una mujer, diseñado por Ann Druyan para la placa de las Pioneer.

La mujer (del latín mulĭer, -ēris) o fémina (femĭna)^[3] es el ser humano de sexo femenino.^[4] Tiene diferencias biológicas respecto al varón, como una estatura media menor, cintura más estrecha, cadera más ancha y pelvis más amplia, diferente distribución y cantidad de vello y tejido adiposo. Sus genitales son diferentes y sus mamas, a diferencia del varón, están desarrolladas. El Día Internacional de la Mujer se conmemora el día 8 de marzo.

↑ Schott, GD (2005). «Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree». The BMJ (en inglés) 331 (7531): 1509-10. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1322246. PMID 16373733. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509.
↑ Stearn, William T. (1962). «The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology». Taxon (en inglés) 11 (4): 109-113. ISSN 0040-0262. JSTOR 1217734. doi:10.2307/1217734. «In his Systema Naturae (Leyden, 1735) he [Linnaeus] used them with their traditional associations for metals. Their first biological use is in the Linnaean dissertation Plantae hybridae xxx sistit J. J. Haartman (1751) where in discussing hybrid plants Linnaeus denoted the supposed female parent species by the sign ♀, the male parent by the sign ♂, the hybrid by ☿: 'matrem signo ♀, patrem ♂ & plantam hybridam ☿ designavero'. In subsequent publications he retained the signs ♀ and ♂ for male and female individuals but discarded ☿ for hybrids; the last are now indicated by the multiplication sign ×. Linnaeus's first general use of the signs of ♀ and ♂ was in his Species Plantarum (1753) written between 1746 and 1752 and surveying concisely the whole plant kingdom as then known. ... In order to save space Linnaeus employed the astronomical symbols of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars and the Sun to denote woody, hebaceous perennial, biennial and annual plants respectively [ed.: the orbital periods of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars and Earth about the Sun are 29, 12, 2 and 1 year] ... and Mercury, Mars and Venus for the hermaphrodite, male and female conditions ... Later, in his Mantissa Plantarum (1767) and Mantissa Plantarum altera (1771), Linnaeus regularly used ♂, ♀ and ☿ for male, female and hermaphrodite flowers respectively. Their aptness made them easy to remember and their convenience led to their general acceptance in zoology as well as botany. Koelreuter found them especially convenient when recording his experiments in hybridization; as late as 1778 he used the sign ☿ to denote a hybrid plant.»
↑ Real Academia Española. «fémina». Diccionario de la lengua española (23.ª edición). Consultado el 5 de mayo de 2015.
↑ Real Academia Española. «mujer». Diccionario de la lengua española (23.ª edición). Consultado el 5 de mayo de 2015.

[Schott2005-1] Schott, GD (2005). «Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree». The BMJ (en inglés) 331 (7531): 1509-10. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1322246. PMID 16373733. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509.

[Stearn-2] Stearn, William T. (1962). «The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology». Taxon (en inglés) 11 (4): 109-113. ISSN 0040-0262. JSTOR 1217734. doi:10.2307/1217734. «In his Systema Naturae (Leyden, 1735) he [Linnaeus] used them with their traditional associations for metals. Their first biological use is in the Linnaean dissertation Plantae hybridae xxx sistit J. J. Haartman (1751) where in discussing hybrid plants Linnaeus denoted the supposed female parent species by the sign ♀, the male parent by the sign ♂, the hybrid by ☿: 'matrem signo ♀, patrem ♂ & plantam hybridam ☿ designavero'. In subsequent publications he retained the signs ♀ and ♂ for male and female individuals but discarded ☿ for hybrids; the last are now indicated by the multiplication sign ×. Linnaeus's first general use of the signs of ♀ and ♂ was in his Species Plantarum (1753) written between 1746 and 1752 and surveying concisely the whole plant kingdom as then known. ... In order to save space Linnaeus employed the astronomical symbols of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars and the Sun to denote woody, hebaceous perennial, biennial and annual plants respectively [ed.: the orbital periods of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars and Earth about the Sun are 29, 12, 2 and 1 year] ... and Mercury, Mars and Venus for the hermaphrodite, male and female conditions ... Later, in his Mantissa Plantarum (1767) and Mantissa Plantarum altera (1771), Linnaeus regularly used ♂, ♀ and ☿ for male, female and hermaphrodite flowers respectively. Their aptness made them easy to remember and their convenience led to their general acceptance in zoology as well as botany. Koelreuter found them especially convenient when recording his experiments in hybridization; as late as 1778 he used the sign ☿ to denote a hybrid plant.»

[3] Real Academia Española. «fémina». Diccionario de la lengua española (23.ª edición). Consultado el 5 de mayo de 2015.

[4] Real Academia Española. «mujer». Diccionario de la lengua española (23.ª edición). Consultado el 5 de mayo de 2015.

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