Kazakhstan

Republic of Kazakhstan
  • Қазақстан Республикасы (Kazakh)
    Qazaqstan Respublikasy
  • Республика Казахстан (Russian)
    Respublika Kazakhstan
Anthem: 
Менің Қазақстаным (Kazakh)
Menıñ Qazaqstanym
"My Kazakhstan"
Location of Kazakhstan
CapitalAstana
51°10′N 71°26′E / 51.167°N 71.433°E / 51.167; 71.433
Largest cityAlmaty
43°16′39″N 76°53′45″E / 43.27750°N 76.89583°E / 43.27750; 76.89583
Official languages
Ethnic groups
(2023)[1][2]
Religion
(2021)[3][4]
Demonym(s)Kazakh
Kazakhstani[a]
GovernmentUnitary semi-presidential republic under an authoritarian government[6]
• President
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
Oljas Bektenov
LegislatureParliament
Senate
Majilis
Formation
1465
13 December 1917
26 August 1920
19 June 1925
5 December 1936
• Declaration of sovereignty
25 October 1990
• Reconstituted as the Republic of Kazakhstan
10 December 1991
• Independence from the USSR
16 December 1991
26 December 1991
30 August 1995
Area
• Total
2,724,900 km2 (1,052,100 sq mi) (9th)
• Water (%)
1.7
Population
• 2023 estimate
20,000,000[7] (62nd)
• Density
7/km2 (18.1/sq mi) (236th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $696.903 billion[8] (41st)
• Per capita
Increase $34,476[8] (56th)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $290.994 billion[8] (49th)
• Per capita
Increase $14,395[8] (64th)
Gini (2018)Negative increase 27.8[9]
low
HDI (2022)Increase 0.802[10]
very high (67th)
CurrencyTenge (₸) (KZT)
Time zoneUTC+5 (West / East)
ISO 3166 codeKZ
Internet TLD

Kazakhstan,[b] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan,[c] is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.[d] It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, with a coastline along the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Astana, while the largest city and leading cultural and commercial hub is Almaty. Kazakhstan is the world's ninth-largest country by land area and the largest landlocked country. It has a population of 20 million and one of the lowest population densities in the world, at fewer than 6 people per square kilometre (16 people/sq mi).[13] Ethnic Kazakhs constitute a majority, while ethnic Russians form a significant minority. Officially secular, Kazakhstan is a Muslim-majority country, although ethnic Russians in the country form a sizeable Christian community.

Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era. In antiquity, various nomadic Iranian peoples such as the Saka, Massagetae, and Scythians dominated the territory, with the Achaemenid Persian Empire expanding towards the southern region. Turkic nomads entered the region from as early as the sixth century. In the 13th century, the area was subjugated by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. Following the disintegration of the Golden Horde in the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate was established over an area roughly corresponding with modern Kazakhstan. By the 18th century, the Kazakh Khanate had fragmented into three jüz (tribal divisions), which were gradually absorbed and conquered by the Russian Empire; by the mid-19th century, all of Kazakhstan was nominally under Russian rule.[14] Following the 1917 Russian Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War, the territory was reorganized several times. In 1936, its modern borders were established with the formation of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan was the last Soviet republic to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union from 1988 to 1991.

Kazakhstan dominates Central Asia economically and politically, accounting for 60 percent of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry; it also has vast mineral resources.[15] Kazakhstan has the highest Human Development Index ranking in the region. It is de jure a democratic, unitary, constitutional republic;[16] however, it is de facto an authoritarian regime[17][18] with no free elections.[19] Nevertheless, there have been incremental efforts at democratization and political reform since the 2019 resignation of President Nursultan Nazarbayev. Kazakhstan is a member state of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Commonwealth of Independent States, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Eurasian Economic Union, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Organization of Turkic States, and International Organization of Turkic Culture.

  1. ^ "2023 жыл басына Қазақстан Республикасы халқының саны" (PDF). stat.gov.kz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2023.
  2. ^ Kazakhstan population by ethnic groups
  3. ^ "2021 жылғы Қазақстан Республикасы халқының ұлттық санағының қорытындылары" [Results of the 2021 Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan] (in Kazakh). Agency of Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  4. ^ Viktorova, Polina (30 November 2022). "How the Number of Believers Changed in Kazakhstan". CABAR.asia. The Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  5. ^ Schneider, Johann F.; Larsen, Knud S.; Krumov, Krum; Vazow, Grigorii (2013). Advances in International Psychology: Research Approaches and Personal Dispositions, Socialization Processes and Organizational Behavior. Kassel university press GmbH. p. 164. ISBN 978-3-86219-454-4. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018.
  6. ^ "Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine". Democracy Index 2022. The Economist Intelligence Unit. 2023. p. 50. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  7. ^ "Kazakhstan's population hits the mark of 20 mln". inform.kz. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Kazakhstan)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  9. ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  10. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  11. ^ Porter, Malcolm; Lye, Keith (2008). Asia. Cherrytree Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-84234-461-3. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  12. ^ World Factbook. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. 29 September 2021. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021. Kazakhstan: Geography
  13. ^ "Kazakhstan's population reaches 20 million. President Tokayev congratulates his fellow citizens". kursiv.kz. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  14. ^ Galiev, Anuar (1998). "Traditional Institutions in Modern Kazakhstan". Src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  15. ^ Zarakhovich, Yuri (27 September 2006). "Kazakhstan Comes on Strong". Time. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  16. ^ "Kazakhstan/Qazaqstan Constitution". Parliament of Kazakhstan. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference index2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference index2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference kaz2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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