1999 East Timorese crisis

1999 East Timorese crisis
	Part of the Decolonisation of Asia and the Fall of Suharto
	; Destroyed houses in Dili
Date	April 1999 – 2002
Location	East Timor
Result	East Timorese tactical victory Defeat of pro-Indonesian militia; Stabilisation of East Timor; East Timorese independence referendum; US embargo of military sales to Indonesia from 9 September 1999 to 22 November 2005; UK embargo of military sales to Indonesia from 11 September 1999 to 11 April 2012; Australia embargo military sales to Indonesia September 1999; European Union (EU) embargo military sales to Indonesia 16 September 1999 – 17 January 2000; Pro-Indonesia militia strategic victory 80% of East Timor's infrastructure destroyed by Scorched Earth Operation; Indonesia retains strong influence in East Timor;
Belligerents
East Timor; INTERFET; UNTAET; UNMISET Full list: Australia – 5,000 ; New Zealand – 1,250 ; Thailand – 1,600 ; Argentina ; Austria ; Bangladesh ; Benin ; Bolivia ; Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Brazil ; Bulgaria ; Canada ; Chile ; China ; Croatia ; Denmark ; Egypt ; Fiji ; France ; Gambia ; Germany ; Ghana ; Israel ; Ireland ; Italy ; Japan ; Jordan ; Kenya ; Malaysia ; Mexico ; Mozambique ; Namibia ; Nepal ; Niger ; Nigeria ; Norway ; Pakistan ; Peru ; Philippines ; Portugal ; Russia ; Samoa ; Senegal ; Serbia and Montenegro ; Singapore ; Slovakia ; Slovenia ; Spain ; South Korea ; Sri Lanka ; Sweden ; Tajikistan ; Turkey ; Ukraine ; Uruguay ; United Kingdom ; United States ; Vanuatu ; Zambia ; Zimbabwe ;	Pro-Indonesia militias Aitarak; Besi Merah Putih; Laksaur; Mahidi;
Commanders and leaders
John Howard; Peter Cosgrove; Jenny Shipley; Helen Clark; Carey Adamson; Sérgio Vieira de Mello; Brig. Gen. Paulo Pereira Guerreiro †;	Wiranto; Eurico Guterres
Strength
11,000 military and police	13,000 militias
Casualties and losses
East Timor – 16 killed (UN local staff); Australia – 2 killed by accident; New Zealand – 5 killed (4 by accident); Thailand – 2 killed; Tajikistan – 1 killed; Bangladesh –1 killed and 1 wounded by IED; Fiji –3 killed and 11 wounded; Brazil – 1 killed; Germany – 1 killed; Ghana – 1 killed by disease; Indonesia – 2 killed (UN local staff); Ireland – 2 killed; Malaysia – 3 killed; Nepal – 1 killed and 3 wounded; Philippines – 4 killed and 4 wounded ; Portugal – 4 killed and 9 wounded; Russia – 5 killed and 1 missing by accident; South Korea – 4 killed and 1 missing by accident; Spain – 1 killed; United States – 1 wounded; Total: 65 killed; 49 UN staff and NGOs captured later released;	15–19 killed; 301+ captured;
	1,400 civilians killed; 220,000+ refugees; 3 UNHCR staff killed; 2 journalists killed; 1 Indonesian soldier killed; 1 Indonesian police officer killed

The 1999 East Timorese crisis began with attacks by pro-Indonesia militia groups on civilians, and expanded to general violence throughout the country, centred in the capital Dili. The violence intensified after a majority of eligible East Timorese voters voted for independence from Indonesia. Some 1,400 civilians are believed to have died. A UN-authorized force (INTERFET) consisting mainly of Australian Defence Force personnel was deployed to East Timor to establish and maintain peace.

^ "East Timor and Australia's Security Role: Issues and Scenarios".
^ "UNMISET: United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor - Facts and Figures". peacekeeping.un.org.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "UNTAET Fact Sheet 18: Peacekeeping Force". OCHA. 28 February 2002. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
^ Cross, Lyle. "East Timor: A Case Study in C4I Innovation". US Navy Information Technology Magazine. Department of Navy (US). Retrieved 9 September 2018.
^ ^a ^b "53. Indonesia/East Timor (1976-2002)". uca.edu.
^ "BBC News | Asia-Pacific | Military sanctions against Indonesia". news.bbc.co.uk.
^ "U.S. Removes Six-Year Embargo Against Indonesia". Associated Press. 25 March 2015.
^ "Britain sells weapons to Indonesia after 13 year hiatus". The Telegraph. 11 April 2012.
^ "EU Arms Embargo to Indonesia Lifted Despite Worsening Situation in the Archipelago". Transnational Institute. 17 November 2005.
^ "BBC News | ASIA-PACIFIC | EU lifts arms embargo on Indonesia". news.bbc.co.uk.
^ "Timor-Leste dancing to Indonesia's tune despite 20 years of independence - UCA News". ucanews.com.
^ "Failed Humanitarian Intervention in East Timor". 6 April 2012.
^ "East Timor mourns death of UN peacekeeping force's top military observer". UN News. 9 September 2002.
^ "UNSC Authorizes UN Troops for East Timor".
^ Media, Kompas Cyber (22 September 2017). "13.000 Eks Milisi Timtim akan Demo Seminggu Tuntut Kompensasi". KOMPAS.com. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
^ ODP Noticas humdata.org
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "United Nations peacekeeping" (PDF). peacekeeping.un.org. Fatalities by Nationality and Mission up to 3/31/2021 11:59:59 pm. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ Londey, Peter (2004). Other People's Wars: A History of Australian Peacekeeping. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. pp. 256, 259. ISBN 1-86508-651-7.
^ Aronson, Cathy (28 July 2002). "Fifth NZ soldier dies in East Timor". NZ Herald. Retrieved 17 October 2020.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "UNTAET Daily Briefing 12 May 2000 - Indonesia". ReliefWeb. 12 May 2000.
^ ^a ^b "UNTAET Daily Briefing 03 Aug 2000 - Timor-Leste". ReliefWeb. 3 August 2000.
^ "Dili, 11 September 2001: Fijian Soldier Killed, 11 Injured, in Truck Accident". United Nations. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Timor-Leste: UN mission remembers 2 peacekeepers killed in Bali blast - Timor-Leste". ReliefWeb. 13 November 2002.
^ O'Doherty, Caroline (16 April 2002). "Irish soldier shot dead in accident in East Timor". Irish Times. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
^ "Dili, 14 June 2000". peacekeeping.un.org.
^ "Secretary-General extends condolences to family of Nepalese soldier killed in East Timor". 11 August 2000. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
^ "UNTAET Daily Briefing 22 Dec 2000 - Indonesia". ReliefWeb. 22 December 2000.
^ "News1". peacekeeping.un.org.
^ "News1". peacekeeping.un.org.
^ "Russian Cargo Plane Crashes in East Timor". Associated Press.
^ "Four S Korean soldiers killed in E Timor accident". ABC News. 7 March 2003. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
^ "ASIANOW - U.S. police officer shot as East Timor violence surges - September 4, 1999". www.cnn.com.
^ "The untold story of the daring NZ SAS mission to rescue UN personnel in West Timor". Stuff. 5 September 2020.
^ "Japan Self-Defense Forces Participation in UN Peacekeeping: An Idea Whose Time is Past". nippon.com. 5 December 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Files reveal East Timor clashes". www.etan.org.
^ "Documents link NZ forces with Aussie torture probe". NZ Herald. 20 March 2024.
^ Alcott, Louisa May; Smith, Michael Geoffrey; Dee, Moreen (2003). Peacekeeping in East Timor: The Path to Independence. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 9781588261427.
^ "ASIANOW - Peacekeepers capture suspected elite forces in East Timor - September 28, 1999". www.cnn.com.
^ "Remembering UNHCR colleagues killed in Atambua, West Timor, twenty years on". UNHCR. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
^ "3 U.N. Workers Dead in West Timor Rampage". ABC News. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
^ "Attacks on the Press 1999: East Timor". Committee to Protect Journalists. 22 March 2000. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
^ "NZ peacekeepers kill Indonesian soldier". NZ Herald. 20 March 2024.
^ "Interfet fires at Indonesian police near frontier post". www.irishtimes.com.

[1] "East Timor and Australia's Security Role: Issues and Scenarios".

[2] "UNMISET: United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor - Facts and Figures". peacekeeping.un.org.

[reliefweb-3] "UNTAET Fact Sheet 18: Peacekeeping Force". OCHA. 28 February 2002. Retrieved 10 November 2020.

[C4_Navy-4] Cross, Lyle. "East Timor: A Case Study in C4I Innovation". US Navy Information Technology Magazine. Department of Navy (US). Retrieved 9 September 2018.

[embargo-5] "53. Indonesia/East Timor (1976-2002)". uca.edu.

[6] "BBC News | Asia-Pacific | Military sanctions against Indonesia". news.bbc.co.uk.

[7] "U.S. Removes Six-Year Embargo Against Indonesia". Associated Press. 25 March 2015.

[8] "Britain sells weapons to Indonesia after 13 year hiatus". The Telegraph. 11 April 2012.

[9] "EU Arms Embargo to Indonesia Lifted Despite Worsening Situation in the Archipelago". Transnational Institute. 17 November 2005.

[10] "BBC News | ASIA-PACIFIC | EU lifts arms embargo on Indonesia". news.bbc.co.uk.

[11] "Timor-Leste dancing to Indonesia's tune despite 20 years of independence - UCA News". ucanews.com.

[12] "Failed Humanitarian Intervention in East Timor". 6 April 2012.

[13] "East Timor mourns death of UN peacekeeping force's top military observer". UN News. 9 September 2002.

[14] "UNSC Authorizes UN Troops for East Timor".

[15] Media, Kompas Cyber (22 September 2017). "13.000 Eks Milisi Timtim akan Demo Seminggu Tuntut Kompensasi". KOMPAS.com. Retrieved 6 August 2023.

[16] ODP Noticas humdata.org

[auto-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "United Nations peacekeeping" (PDF). peacekeeping.un.org. Fatalities by Nationality and Mission up to 3/31/2021 11:59:59 pm. Retrieved 27 July 2021.

[18] Londey, Peter (2004). Other People's Wars: A History of Australian Peacekeeping. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. pp. 256, 259. ISBN 1-86508-651-7.

[19] Aronson, Cathy (28 July 2002). "Fifth NZ soldier dies in East Timor". NZ Herald. Retrieved 17 October 2020.^{[permanent dead link]}

[auto2-20] "UNTAET Daily Briefing 12 May 2000 - Indonesia". ReliefWeb. 12 May 2000.

[auto4-21] "UNTAET Daily Briefing 03 Aug 2000 - Timor-Leste". ReliefWeb. 3 August 2000.

[22] "Dili, 11 September 2001: Fijian Soldier Killed, 11 Injured, in Truck Accident". United Nations. Retrieved 17 October 2020.

[auto3-23] "Timor-Leste: UN mission remembers 2 peacekeepers killed in Bali blast - Timor-Leste". ReliefWeb. 13 November 2002.

[24] O'Doherty, Caroline (16 April 2002). "Irish soldier shot dead in accident in East Timor". Irish Times. Retrieved 17 October 2020.

[25] "Dili, 14 June 2000". peacekeeping.un.org.

[26] "Secretary-General extends condolences to family of Nepalese soldier killed in East Timor". 11 August 2000. Retrieved 17 October 2020.

[27] "UNTAET Daily Briefing 22 Dec 2000 - Indonesia". ReliefWeb. 22 December 2000.

[28] "News1". peacekeeping.un.org.

[29] "News1". peacekeeping.un.org.

[30] "Russian Cargo Plane Crashes in East Timor". Associated Press.

[31] "Four S Korean soldiers killed in E Timor accident". ABC News. 7 March 2003. Retrieved 10 November 2020.

[32] "ASIANOW - U.S. police officer shot as East Timor violence surges - September 4, 1999". www.cnn.com.

[33] "The untold story of the daring NZ SAS mission to rescue UN personnel in West Timor". Stuff. 5 September 2020.

[34] "Japan Self-Defense Forces Participation in UN Peacekeeping: An Idea Whose Time is Past". nippon.com. 5 December 2016.

[auto1-35] "Files reveal East Timor clashes". www.etan.org.

[36] "Documents link NZ forces with Aussie torture probe". NZ Herald. 20 March 2024.

[37] Alcott, Louisa May; Smith, Michael Geoffrey; Dee, Moreen (2003). Peacekeeping in East Timor: The Path to Independence. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 9781588261427.

[38] "ASIANOW - Peacekeepers capture suspected elite forces in East Timor - September 28, 1999". www.cnn.com.

[39] "Remembering UNHCR colleagues killed in Atambua, West Timor, twenty years on". UNHCR. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.

[40] "3 U.N. Workers Dead in West Timor Rampage". ABC News. Retrieved 6 August 2023.

[41] "Attacks on the Press 1999: East Timor". Committee to Protect Journalists. 22 March 2000. Retrieved 12 November 2020.

[42] "NZ peacekeepers kill Indonesian soldier". NZ Herald. 20 March 2024.

[43] "Interfet fires at Indonesian police near frontier post". www.irishtimes.com.

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