Back بورهوس فريدريك سكينر Arabic بورهوس فريدريك سكينر ARZ বি. এফ. স্কিনাৰ Assamese Burrhus Frederic Skinner AST Burres Frederik Skinner Azerbaijani بی‌اف اسکینر AZB Берэс Фрэдэрык Скінер Byelorussian Бъръс Фредерик Скинър Bulgarian Burrhus Frederic Skinner Catalan Burrhus Frederic Skinner Czech

B. F. Skinner

B. F. Skinner
Skinner, c. 1950
Born
Burrhus Frederic Skinner

(1904-03-20)March 20, 1904
Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedAugust 18, 1990(1990-08-18) (aged 86)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Alma materHamilton College (AB)
Harvard University (PhD)
Known forBehavior analysis
Operant conditioning
Radical behaviorism
Verbal Behavior
Spouse
Yvonne (Eve) Blue
​
(m. 1936)​
[1]
ChildrenJulie and Deborah
AwardsNational Medal of Science (1968)
Scientific career
FieldsPsychology, linguistics, philosophy
InstitutionsUniversity of Minnesota
Indiana University
Harvard University
Signature

Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, inventor, and social philosopher.[2][3][4][5] He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.[6]

Considering free will to be an illusion, Skinner saw human action as dependent on consequences of previous actions, a theory he would articulate as the principle of reinforcement: If the consequences to an action are bad, there is a high chance the action will not be repeated; if the consequences are good, the probability of the action being repeated becomes stronger.[7]

Skinner developed behavior analysis, especially the philosophy of radical behaviorism,[8] and founded the experimental analysis of behavior, a school of experimental research psychology. He also used operant conditioning to strengthen behavior, considering the rate of response to be the most effective measure of response strength. To study operant conditioning, he invented the operant conditioning chamber (aka the Skinner box),[7] and to measure rate he invented the cumulative recorder. Using these tools, he and Charles Ferster produced Skinner's most influential experimental work, outlined in their 1957 book Schedules of Reinforcement.[9][10]

Skinner was a prolific author, publishing 21 books and 180 articles.[11] He imagined the application of his ideas to the design of a human community in his 1948 utopian novel, Walden Two,[3] while his analysis of human behavior culminated in his 1958 work, Verbal Behavior.[12]

Skinner, John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov, are considered to be the pioneers of modern behaviorism. Accordingly, a June 2002 survey listed Skinner as the most influential psychologist of the 20th century.[13]

  1. ^ Sobel, Dava (August 20, 1990). "B. F. Skinner, the Champion Of Behaviorism, Is Dead at 86". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 6, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  2. ^ Smith, L. D.; Woodward, W. R. (1996). B. F. Skinner and Behaviorism in American Culture. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press. ISBN 978-0-934223-40-9.
  3. ^ a b Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two. New York: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-87220-779-X. The science of human behavior is used to eliminate poverty, sexual expression, government as we know it, create a lifestyle without that such as war.
  4. ^ Skinner, B. F. (1972). Beyond Freedom and Dignity. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-553-14372-0. OCLC 34263003.
  5. ^ "Skinner, Burrhus Frederic". History of Behavior Analysis. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
  6. ^ Swenson, Christa (May 1999). "Burrhus Frederick Skinner". History of Psychology Archives. Archived from the original on April 4, 2007.
  7. ^ a b Schacter, Daniel L.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Wagner, Daniel M. (2011). Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4292-3719-2.
  8. ^ Skinner, B. F. (1974). About Behaviorism. Random House. ISBN 0-394-71618-3.
  9. ^ Skinner, B. F. (1938). The Behavior of Organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. ISBN 1-58390-007-1.
  10. ^ Ferster, Charles B.; Skinner, B. F. (1957). Schedules of Reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. ISBN 0-13-792309-0.
  11. ^ Smith, Nathaniel G.; Morris, Edward K. (2021). "Full Bibliography". B. F. Skinner Foundation. Retrieved July 29, 2021. Also available as a PDF.
  12. ^ Skinner, B. F. (1958). Verbal Behavior. Acton, Massachusetts: Copley Publishing Group. ISBN 1-58390-021-7.
  13. ^ Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; et al. (June 1, 2002). "The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century". Review of General Psychology. 6 (2): 139–52. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.1913. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. S2CID 145668721.

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