Bali Kingdom

Kingdom of Bali Indonesian: Kerajaan Bali Balinese: ᭚ᬓᭂᬭᬚ᭡ᬦ᭄ᬩᬮᬶ Kĕrajaan Bali Kawi/Old Javanese: ꦌꦫꦗꦴꦤ꧀ ꦄꦭꦶ Krājaan Bali Sanskrit: बली राज्यं Bālī rājyaṁ
914–1908
Flag A merchant flag attributed to Bali, shown in European sources from the 18th century, also with six stripes[1]
Anthem: ᬩᬮᬶ ᬤ᭄ᬯᬶᬧ ᬚᬬ! "Bali Dwipa Jaya!" ("Glorious Bali Island!")
The maximum extent of Balinese Kingdom of Gelgel in the mid-16th century. The territory covers Blambangan (Banyuwangi) to the western part of Sumbawa.
Status	Sovereign state (914-1343) vassal state of the Majapahit Empire (1343-1512) Nine Kingdoms period (1512-1908)
Capital	Bedulu (Warmadewa period) Samprangan (Majapahit period) Gelgel (Gelgel period) Klungkung (Nine Kingdoms period)
Common languages	Balinese (official, court language, high literature, lingua franca, administration) Kawi and Sanskrit (religious) Regional Sasak Osing Sumbawa Loloanese
Religion	State religion: Hinduism Minority: Mahāyāna Budhism
Demonym(s)	Balinese, Balinar
Government	Absolute monarchy
Raja, Arya, Maharaja, Dalem, Dewa Agung
• c. 914 (first)	Śrī Kesarī Warmadewa
• c. late 10th century	Udayana Warmadewa (Udayana the Great)
• c. early 11th century	Anak Wungçu
• c. 1180	Jayapangus
• c. 1343	Aŕ‌‌ya Kénceng
• c. 1520-1558	Dalém Baturénggong
• c. 1903-1908 (last)	Dewa Agung Jambé II
History
• Sri Kesari Warmadewa created the Belanjong pillar	February 13 or 27, 914
• Dutch invasion against Klungkung	April 18, 1908
Currency	Native silver coins and Chinese kepeng coins (pis bolong)
Preceded by Succeeded by Prehistoric Indonesia Mataram Kingdom Majapahit Dutch East Indies Bali and Lombok Residency
Today part of	Indonesia ∟ Bali ∟ East Java ∟ West Nusa Tenggara

The Kingdomship of Bali (Balinese: ᭚ᬓᭂᬭᬚ᭡ᬦ᭄ᬩᬮᬶ; romanized: Kĕrajaan Bali) was a series of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms that once ruled some parts of the volcanic island of Bali, in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. With a history of native Balinese kingship spanning from the early 10th to early 20th centuries, Balinese kingdoms demonstrated sophisticated Balinese court culture where native elements of spirit and ancestral reverence combined with Hindu influences—adopted from India through ancient Java intermediary—flourished, enriched and shaped Balinese culture.

Because of its proximity and close cultural relations with the neighbouring island of Java during the Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist period, the history of the Bali Kingdom was often intertwined with and heavily influenced by its Javanese counterparts, from Mataram (c. 9th century) to the Majapahit empire in the 13th to 15th centuries. The culture, language, arts and architecture of the island was influenced by Java. Javanese influences and presences grew even stronger with the fall of the Majapahit empire in the late 15th century. After the empire fell to its Muslim vassal the Demak Sultanate, a number of Hindu Majapahit courtiers, nobles, priests, and artisans found refuge on the island of Bali. As a result, Bali became what historian Ramesh Chandra Majumdar describes as the last stronghold of Indo-Javanese culture and civilisation. The Bali Kingdom in the following centuries expanded its influence to neighboring islands and began to establish a Colony, Gelgel Kingdom Bali for example expanded their influence and established a colony in the Blambangan region at the eastern tip of Java to the western part of the Sumbawa island, while Karangasem Kingdom established their colonial settlements in western parts of Lombok, then the Klungkung kingdom conquered of Nusa Penida in the later period.

Since the mid-19th century, the colonial state of the Dutch East Indies began its involvement in Bali, as it launched its campaign against the Balinese minor kingdoms one by one. By the early 20th century, the Dutch had completed their conquest of Bali as these minor kingdoms fell under their control, either by force resulting in Puputan fighting followed by mass ritual suicide, or surrendering gracefully to the Dutch. Either way, despite some of these Balinese royal houses still surviving, these events ended a millennium of the native Balinese independent kingdoms, as the local government changed to Dutch colonial administration, and later to the provincial government of Bali within the Republic of Indonesia.