Carl von Clausewitz

Carl von Clausewitz
Carl von Clausewitz, while in Prussian service, painted by Wilhelm Wach in early 1830s.
Birth name	Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz
Born	(1780-07-01)1 July 1780 Burg bei Magdeburg, Kingdom of Prussia, Holy Roman Empire
Died	16 November 1831(1831-11-16) (aged 51) Breslau, Province of Silesia, Kingdom of Prussia (present-day Wrocław, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)
Allegiance	Prussia Russian Empire (1812–1813)
Service/branch	Prussian Army
Years of service	1792–1831
Rank	Major general
Unit	Russian–German Legion (III Corps)
Commands held	Kriegsakademie
Battles/wars	French Revolutionary Wars Siege of Mainz Napoleonic Wars Battle of Jena–Auerstedt Battle of Borodino Battle of Ligny Battle of Wavre

Carl Philipp Gottfried (or Gottlieb) von Clausewitz^{[note 1]} (German pronunciation: [ˌkaʁl fɔn ˈklaʊ̯zəvɪt͡s] ^ⓘ; 1 July 1780 – 16 November 1831)^[1] was a Prussian general and military theorist who stressed the "moral" (in modern terms meaning psychological) and political aspects of waging war. His most notable work, Vom Kriege ("On War"), though unfinished at his death, is considered a seminal treatise on military strategy and science.

Clausewitz was a realist in many different senses, including realpolitik, and while in some respects a romantic, he also drew heavily on the rationalist ideas of the European Enlightenment.

Clausewitz stressed the dialectical interaction of diverse factors, noting how unexpected developments unfolding under the "fog of war" (i.e., in the face of incomplete, dubious, and often erroneous information and great fear, doubt, and excitement) call for rapid decisions by alert commanders. He saw history as a vital check on erudite abstractions that did not accord with experience. In contrast to the early work of Antoine-Henri Jomini, he argued that war could not be quantified or reduced to mapwork, geometry, and graphs. Clausewitz had many aphorisms, of which the most famous is "War is the continuation of policy with other means." (often misquoted as "... by other means").^{[2]: 87 [3][dubious – discuss]}

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