Back ذكاء جمعي Arabic Intel·ligència col·lectiva Catalan Kolektivní inteligence Czech Kollektive Intelligenz German Συλλογική νοημοσύνη Greek Kolektiva intelekto Esperanto Inteligencia colectiva Spanish هوش جمعی Persian Kollektiivinen älykkyys Finnish Intelligence collective French

Collective intelligence

Types of collective intelligence
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Collective intelligence (CI) is shared or group intelligence (GI) that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications. It may involve consensus, social capital and formalisms such as voting systems, social media and other means of quantifying mass activity.[1] Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria and animals.[2]

It can be understood as an emergent property from the synergies among:

  1. data-information-knowledge
  2. software-hardware
  3. individuals (those with new insights as well as recognized authorities) that continually learn from feedback to produce just-in-time knowledge for better decisions than these three elements acting alone[1][3]

Or it can be more narrowly understood as an emergent property between people and ways of processing information.[4] This notion of collective intelligence is referred to as "symbiotic intelligence" by Norman Lee Johnson.[5] The concept is used in sociology, business, computer science and mass communications: it also appears in science fiction. Pierre Lévy defines collective intelligence as, "It is a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effective mobilization of skills. I'll add the following indispensable characteristic to this definition: The basis and goal of collective intelligence is mutual recognition and enrichment of individuals rather than the cult of fetishized or hypostatized communities."[6] According to researchers Pierre Lévy and Derrick de Kerckhove, it refers to capacity of networked ICTs (Information communication technologies) to enhance the collective pool of social knowledge by simultaneously expanding the extent of human interactions.[7][8] A broader definition was provided by Geoff Mulgan in a series of lectures and reports from 2006 onwards [9] and in the book Big Mind [10] which proposed a framework for analysing any thinking system, including both human and machine intelligence, in terms of functional elements (observation, prediction, creativity, judgement etc.), learning loops and forms of organisation. The aim was to provide a way to diagnose, and improve, the collective intelligence of a city, business, NGO or parliament.

Collective intelligence strongly contributes to the shift of knowledge and power from the individual to the collective. According to Eric S. Raymond in 1998 and JC Herz in 2005,[11][12] open-source intelligence will eventually generate superior outcomes to knowledge generated by proprietary software developed within corporations.[13] Media theorist Henry Jenkins sees collective intelligence as an 'alternative source of media power', related to convergence culture. He draws attention to education and the way people are learning to participate in knowledge cultures outside formal learning settings. Henry Jenkins criticizes schools which promote 'autonomous problem solvers and self-contained learners' while remaining hostile to learning through the means of collective intelligence.[14] Both Pierre Lévy and Henry Jenkins support the claim that collective intelligence is important for democratization, as it is interlinked with knowledge-based culture and sustained by collective idea sharing, and thus contributes to a better understanding of diverse society.[15][16]

Similar to the g factor (g) for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor c factor for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks.[17] Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are derived from g. Similarly as g is highly interrelated with the concept of IQ,[18][19] this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups (Group-IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for c and predictive validity are investigated as well.

Writers who have influenced the idea of collective intelligence include Francis Galton, Douglas Hofstadter (1979), Peter Russell (1983), Tom Atlee (1993), Pierre Lévy (1994), Howard Bloom (1995), Francis Heylighen (1995), Douglas Engelbart, Louis Rosenberg, Cliff Joslyn, Ron Dembo, Gottfried Mayer-Kress (2003), and Geoff Mulgan.

  1. ^ a b Suran, Shweta; Pattanaik, Vishwajeet; Draheim, Dirk (5 February 2020). "Frameworks for Collective Intelligence: A Systematic Literature Review". ACM Computing Surveys. 53 (1): 14:1–14:36. doi:10.1145/3368986. S2CID 211040820.
  2. ^ Ngoc Thanh Nguyen (25 July 2011). Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence III. Springer. pp. 63, 69. ISBN 978-3-642-19967-7. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  3. ^ Glenn, Jerome C. Collective Intelligence – One of the Next Big Things, Futura 4/2009, Finnish Society for Futures Studies, Helsinki, Finland
  4. ^ Glenn, Jerome C. Chapter 5, 2008 State of the Future. The Millennium Project, Washington, DC 2008
  5. ^ Norman Lee Johnson, Collective Science site Archived 6 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Levy, Pierre (10 December 1999). Collective Intelligence. Basic Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7382-0261-7. OCLC 249995946.
  7. ^ Flew 2008, p. 21.
  8. ^ Lévy, Pierre; Farley, Art; Lollini, Massimo (31 December 2019). "Collective Intelligence, the Future of Internet and the IEML: Interview to Pierre Lévy by Art Farley and Massimo Lollini". Humanist Studies & the Digital Age. 6 (1): 5–31. doi:10.5399/uo/hsda.6.1.2. ISSN 2158-3846. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  9. ^ lecture series in Adelaide on 'Collective Intelligence about Collective Intelligence and http://www.thinkers.sa.gov.au/images/Mulgan_Final_Report.pdf
  10. ^ Mulgan, Geoff (2017). Big Mind: How Collective Intelligence Can Change Our World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-8851-1.
  11. ^ Raymond, E. S. (5 October 1998). "Homesteading the Noosphere". First Monday. 3 (10). doi:10.5210/fm.v3i10.621.
  12. ^ Herz, J. C. (2005). "Harnessing the hive". In Hartley, J. (ed.). Creative industries. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 327–41.
  13. ^ Flew 2008.
  14. ^ Jenkins, Henry (2006). "Conclusion". Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. NYU Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-8147-4307-2.
  15. ^ Lévy, Pierre (2007). "Société du savoir et développement humain". In Imbert, Patrick (ed.). Le Canada et la société des savoirs. Enjeux sociaux et culturels dans une société du savoir (in French). pp. 115–175.
  16. ^ Jenkins 2008.
  17. ^ Woolley, Anita Williams; Chabris, Christopher F.; Pentland, Alex; Hashmi, Nada; Malone, Thomas W. (29 October 2010). "Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups". Science. 330 (6004): 686–688. Bibcode:2010Sci...330..686W. doi:10.1126/science.1193147. PMID 20929725. S2CID 74579.
  18. ^ Jensen, Arthur, R. (1992). "Understanding g in terms of information processing". Educational Psychology Review. 4 (3): 271–308. doi:10.1007/bf01417874. S2CID 54739564.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Jensen, Arthur, R. (1998). The g factor: The science of mental ability. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-96103-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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