Back تاريخ الحزب الجمهوري في الولايات المتحدة Arabic Storia del Partito Repubblicano (Stati Uniti d'America) Italian アメリカ合衆国共和党の歴史 Japanese د جمهوري غوښتونکي ګوند تاریخچه (متحده ایالات) Pashto/Pushto

History of the Republican Party (United States)

For information about the current Republican Party, including its current composition and ideology, as well as a concise history of the party, see Republican Party (United States).

Republican Party
ChairpersonMichael Whatley
Governing bodyRepublican National Committee
FoundersAlvan E. Bovay[1]
Henry J. Raymond[2]
... and others
FoundedMarch 20, 1854 (1854-03-20)[3]
Ripon, Wisconsin[4]
Merger ofFree Soil Party[5]
Anti-Nebraska movement[6]
Preceded byWhig Party (de facto)[n 1]
Headquarters310 First Street SE, Washington, D.C., United States 20003
Membership (2023)Decrease 35,739,952[8]
Ideology
Political positionBig tent[b]
Colors  Red (since 2000)
Website
gop.com
^ a: The GOP has been evaluated by political scientists as a conservative-liberal party.[26][27]
^ b: The GOP currently consists of centrist,[28] center-right,[29][19] and right-wing[23][24] factions.

The Republican Party, also known as the GOP (Grand Old Party), is one of the two major political parties in the United States. It is the second-oldest extant political party in the United States after its main political rival, the Democratic Party.

In 1854, the Republican Party emerged to combat the expansion of slavery into American territories after the passing of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. The early Republican Party consisted of northern Protestants, factory workers, professionals, businessmen, prosperous farmers, and after the Civil War, former black slaves. The party had very little support from white Southerners at the time, who predominantly backed the Democratic Party in the Solid South, and from Catholics, who made up a major Democratic voting block. While both parties adopted pro-business policies in the 19th century, the early GOP was distinguished by its support for the national banking system, the gold standard, railroads, and high tariffs. The party opposed the expansion of slavery before 1861 and led the fight to destroy the Confederate States of America (1861–1865). While the Republican Party had almost no presence in the Southern United States at its inception, it was very successful in the Northern United States, where by 1858 it had enlisted former Whigs and former Free Soil Democrats to form majorities in nearly every Northern state.

With the election of its first president, Abraham Lincoln, in 1860, the Party's success in guiding the Union to victory in the Civil War, and the Party's role in the abolition of slavery, the Republican Party largely dominated the national political scene until 1932. In 1912, former Republican president Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive Party after being rejected by the GOP and ran unsuccessfully as a third-party presidential candidate calling for social reforms. After 1912, many Roosevelt supporters left the Republican Party, and the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right.[30] The GOP lost its congressional majorities during the Great Depression (1929–1940); under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Democrats formed a winning New Deal coalition that was dominant from 1932 through 1964.

After the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Southern strategy, the party's core base shifted with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic. White voters increasingly identified with the Republican Party after the 1960s.[31] Following the Supreme Court's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade, the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals.[32] The Republican Party won five of the six presidential elections from 1968 to 1988. Two-term President Ronald Reagan, who held office from 1981 to 1989, was a transformative party leader. His conservative policies called for reduced social government spending and regulation, increased military spending, lower taxes, and a strong anti-Soviet Union foreign policy. Reagan's influence upon the party persisted into the next century. In 2016, businessman and former reality TV star Donald Trump became the party's nominee for president, won the presidency, and shifted the party further to the right. Since Trump's nomination in 2016, the party is seen to be split between the Trumpist faction, which ranges from far-right nationalists to populists, and the anti-Trump faction, which consists of center-right conservatives, moderate centrists, as well as some traditional conservatives. Since the 1990s, the Party's support has chiefly come from the South, the Great Plains, the Mountain States, and rural areas in the North.[33][34] Today, it supports free market economics, cultural conservatism, and originalism in constitutional jurisprudence.[35] There have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one political party.

  1. ^ The Origin of the Republican Party by Prof. A. F. Gilman, Ripon College, WI, 1914.
  2. ^ Widmer, Ted (March 19, 2011). "A Very Mad-Man". Opinionator. The New York Times. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
  3. ^ First Republican meeting at Ripon, Wisconsin March 20, 1854
  4. ^ "Little White Schoolhouse". National Register of Historic Places Collection. National Park Service. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
  5. ^ McPherson, James (2003) [1988]. The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-19-974390-2.
  6. ^ James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: Volume I. The Coming of War, second edition (ISBN 0-07045837-5) p. 94.
  7. ^ McGovern, George S. (2009). "Abraham Lincoln: The American Presidents Series: The 16th President, 1861–1865". New York, New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-8050-8345-3.
  8. ^ Winger, Richard (December 29, 2023). "December 2023 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
  9. ^ Nathan Schlueter; Nikolai Wenzel (2016). Selfish Libertarians and Socialist Conservatives?: The Foundations of the Libertarian–Conservative Debate. Stanford University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-5036-0029-4. American conservatism is a form of classical liberalism.
  10. ^ John Micklethwait; Adrian Wooldridge (2004). The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America. Penguin. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-59420-020-5. Whichever way you look at it, American conservatism has embraced a great chunk of classical liberalism-so much of it that many observers have argued that American conservatism was an oxymoron; that it is basically classical liberalism in disguise.
  11. ^ James R. Kirth (2016). "A History of Inherent Contradictions: The Origins and Ends of American Conservatism". In Sanford V. Levinson (ed.). American Conservatism: NOMOS LVI. Melissa S. Williams, Joel Parker. NYU Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-4798-6518-5. Of course, the original conservatives had not really been conservatives either. They were merely classical liberals. It seems to be the case in American that most so-called conservatives have really been something else. This has confused not only external observers of American conservatism (be they on the European Right or on the American Left), but it has confused American conservatives as well.
  12. ^ Robert C. Smith (2010). Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same. SUNY Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4384-3234-2. Locke's classical liberalism is American conservatism, a conservatism whose core ideas went virtually unchallenged until the New Deal.
  13. ^ Robert Lerner; Althea K. Nagai; Stanley Rothman (1996). American Elites. Yale University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-300-06534-3. Moreover, Americans do not use the term liberalism in the same way that Europeans do. In fact, classical European liberalism more closely resembles what we (and what Americans generally) call conservatism.
  14. ^
    • Frohnen, Bruce; Beer, Jeremy; Jeffrey, Nelson (2014). American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. ISBN 9781497651579. The conservative veneration of individual autonomy...
    • Paul Gottfried, Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right, p. 9, "Postwar conservatives set about creating their own synthesis of free-market capitalism, Christian morality, and the global struggle against Communism". (2009); Gottfried, Theologies and Moral Concern (1995) p. 12.
    • Lipsman, Ron (2007). Liberal Hearts and Conservative Brains: The Correlation Between Age and Political Philosophy. Ron Lipsman. p. 232. ISBN 9780595463206. The American conservative system of individualism, free markets, economic competition and deep respect for tradition
    • Baldwin, Robert (2000). Congressional Trade Votes: From NAFTA Approval to Fast-track Defeat. Peterson Institute for International Economics. pp. 30. ISBN 9780881322675. Conservatism generally is associated with pro-business, anti-labor, and strong-national-defense stances, all of which lead to support for free trade principles.
  15. ^ Becker, Bernie (July 18, 2016). "Social conservatives win on GOP platform". Politico. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  16. ^ "Republican Party". History. February 2021. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
  17. ^ Smith, Robert C. (2021). "Ronald Reagan, Donald Trump, and the Future of the Republican Party and Conservatism in America". American Political Thought. 10 (2): 283–289. doi:10.1086/713662. S2CID 233401184. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
  18. ^ Grumbach, Jacob M.; Hacker, Jacob S.; Pierson, Paul (2021), Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander; Hacker, Jacob S.; Thelen, Kathleen; Pierson, Paul (eds.), "The Political Economies of Red States", The American Political Economy: Politics, Markets, and Power, Cambridge University Press, pp. 209–244, ISBN 978-1316516362, archived from the original on November 23, 2021, retrieved November 10, 2021
  19. ^ a b c Miller, William J. (2013). The 2012 Nomination and the Future of the Republican Party. Lexington Books. p. 39.
  20. ^ Davis, Susan (August 23, 2019). "Meltdown On Main Street: Inside The Breakdown Of The GOP's Moderate Wing". NPR. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  21. ^ Haberman, Clyde (October 28, 2018). "Religion and Right-Wing Politics: How Evangelicals Reshaped Elections". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  22. ^ Cohn, Nate (May 5, 2015). "Mike Huckabee and the Continuing Influence of Evangelicals". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  23. ^ a b Cassidy, John (February 29, 2016). "Donald Trump is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  24. ^ a b Gould, J.J. (July 2, 2016). "Why Is Populism Winning on the American Right?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
  25. ^ Pew Research Center (June 26, 2014). "Beyond Red vs Blue:The Political Typology". Archived from the original on June 29, 2014.
  26. ^ Adams, Ian (2001). Political Ideology Today. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719060205.
  27. ^ Slomp, Hans (2011). Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8.
  28. ^ Siegel, Josh (July 18, 2017). "Centrist Republicans and Democrats meet to devise bipartisan healthcare plan". The Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  29. ^ "The Democrats and the Republicans". Embassy of the United States to the Kingdom of Denmark. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  30. ^ "The Ol' Switcheroo. Theodore Roosevelt, 1912". Time. April 29, 2009.
  31. ^ Zingher, Joshua N. (2018). "Polarization, Demographic Change, and White Flight from the Democratic Party". The Journal of Politics. 80 (3): 860–872. doi:10.1086/696994. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 158351108.
  32. ^ Layman, Geoffrey (2001). The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. Columbia University Press. pp. 115, 119–120. ISBN 978-0231120586.
  33. ^ "Republicans Now Dominate State Government". Daily Kos.
  34. ^ "Presidential Election Results: Donald J. Trump Wins". The New York Times. August 9, 2017.
  35. ^ "2016 Republican Party Platform". University of California, Santa Barbara. July 18, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2022.


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